Partition of organic matter, fibre and protein digestion in ewes fed at a constant rate throughout gestation

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Gravid Uterus ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
N Compounds

The digestion of dietary organic matter, fibre constituents and protein in the stomach and intestines of multiparous Corriedale ewes was studied at different stages of gestation. As gestation progressed, the digestion of organic matter and cell wall organic matter in the rumen decreased. Digestibility in the whole tract declined to a small extent. The degradation of dietary protein was reduced from 72% In non-pregnant ewes to 37% at day 139 of gestation. Protein digestion distal to the stomach increased by 20%. Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen decreased, and it is suggested that the unexpected decrease in the efficiency of microbial synthesis may have been due to reduced rumen osmolalities as a result of the polydipsia exhibited in this experiment in late gestation. Rumen ammonia levels were related to the degradation of dietary N compounds, and caecal ammonia levels increased as protein digestion in the intestines increased. Plasma glucose levels remained normal, and D-3-OH-butyric acid levels remained low until the gravid uterus reached about 4.5 kg (equivalent to about day 120 in single- and day 90 in twin-bearing ewes). Thereafter glucose levels fell and D-3-OH-butyrate levels rose. The latter rise was associated with an increase in the urinary excretion of ammonia N. Plasma urea levels declined to day 90, then rose to day 139, and plasma amino acid N levels rose in late gestation; these increases may reflect tissue mobilization and increased fetal use of amino acids as an energy source.

EFFECTS OF DIETARY VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS AND PROTEIN ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS OF STEERS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. HOWES
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Retention Data ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Energy Retention

Sixty-nine head of Hereford steers were used to study the effects of three different levels of dietary protein (low, basal, and high) and two levels (0 and 5%) of volatile fatty acid (VFA) on efficiency of gain and carcass composition. Energy retention data was determined by using a comparative slaughter technique. The accumulation of fat resulted in higher gross efficiency of gain. A 5% addition of VFA resulted in 9% better gains. These data suggest that increasing dietary protein without simultaneously increasing dietary energy, as VFA, will not increase performance. However, when energy, in the form of 5% VFA and protein were added together, increased performance occurred. Increasing the level of dietary protein resulted in increased levels of plasma urea nitrogen and total ruminal VFA concentrations. Results of this experiment suggest that blood glucose levels increase when 5% VFA is added to each of the three dietary levels of protein. These results suggest that the addition of 5% VFA to each of the three dietary levels of protein provide a more readily available energy source than a non-VFA supplemented ration.

The effect of antibiotics on ammonia accumulation and protein digestion in the rumen

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Ammonia Accumulation ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

A study was made of the feasibility of using antibiotics to reduce ruminal deamination of protein that comprised 27% of the organic matter in a diet of lucerne hay and casein. Six sheep were each dosed with a different antibiotic. At the levels given, penicillin and erythromycin reduced rumen ammonia levels by about 35%, but also reduced food intake. Chloramphenicol reduced rumen ammonia by about 50% but neomycin, oxytetracyclene, and streptomycin had little effect.When all six sheep were subsequently dosed with chloramphenicol at 1 g/day the levels of rumen ammonia were reduced only to 85% of the control. The antibiotic had little effect on the extent of digestion of protein, organic matter, and cellulose, both in the stomach and in the whole alimentary tract, and on parameters associated with the movement of digesta through the stomach The quantity of nitrogen passing from the stomach in forms other than ammonia was 52–54% of intake during both the control and treatment periods. Much of this nitrogen probably passed from the stomach in the form of microbial protein, which indicated that the dietary protein was extensively digested. In consequence of the loss of nitrogen from the stomach, the protein apparently digested in the intestines was equivalent to only about 14.5 g/100 g digestible organic matter.

The influence of sward characteristics on the herbage intake of grazing calves

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson ◽  
J. M. Rodriguez Capriles ◽  
J. S. Fenlon
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Grassland Research ◽  
Dominant Influence

SummaryExperiments were carried out at the Grassland Research Institute, U.K. (Expt 1) and the Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay (Expt 2), to study the influence of sward characteristics upon the herbage intake of young grazing cattle. In both studies the animals were strip-grazed in small groups on a series of plots, at a generous herbage allowance.The digestibility of the herbage ingested exerted a dominant influence on herbage organic matter (OM) intake, which increased at a constant rate as organic matter digestibility (OMD) increased throughout the range observed, 55–81% in Expt 1 and 53–63% in Expt 2. Intakes were similar in the two experiments at 60–65% OMD, but the rate of decline with decreasing digestibility was much greater in Expt 2 than in Expt 1.Intake was affected to a small extent in Expt 2 by the weight of herbage, the proportion of green material, and the extended height of the sward. In Expt 1 the intake from plots of primary growth was approximately 10% greater than that from secondary growths at equivalent digestibility and crop weight.The implications of these observations to techniques of grazing management are discussed.

Counterregulation of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in primary hypothyroidism

1986 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-521
Author(s):  
Nina Clausen ◽  
Per-Eric Lins ◽  
Ulf Adamson ◽  
Bertil Hamberger ◽  
Suad Efendić
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Insulin Infusion ◽  
Primary Hypothyroidism ◽  
Constant Rate Infusion ◽  
Counterregulatory Hormones ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Rate Infusion

Abstract. Hypothyroidism has been alleged to modulate insulin action and influence the secretion of growth hormone and catecholamines. We recently investigated the influence of hypothyroidism on glucose counterregulatory capacity and the hormonal responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in 6 patients with primary hypothyroidism (age 32–52 years, TSH-values 66–200 mU/l). Hypoglycaemia was induced in the hypothyroid state and again when the subjects were euthyroid. After an overnight fast a constant rate infusion of insulin (2.4 U/h) was given for 4 h. Glucose was measured every 15 min and insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol every 30 min for 5 h. During insulin infusion somewhat higher concentrations of the hormone were obtained in the hypothyroid state and simultaneously glucose levels were 0.5 mmol/l lower. As expected, basal norepinephrine levels were higher in hypothyroidism. However, no increase in circulating norepinephrine during hypoglycaemia was registered in the two experiments. The responses of counterregulatory hormones showed an enhanced response of cortisol, similar responses of growth hormone and epinephrine while the glucagon response was paradoxically impaired. Our findings suggest that hypothyroidism alters insulin metabolism, and that the glucagon response to hypoglycaemia is impaired in this condition.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate Coingestion Delays Dietary Protein Digestion and Absorption but Does Not Modulate Postprandial Muscle Protein Accretion

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 2250-2258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan H. M. Gorissen ◽  
Nicholas A. Burd ◽  
Henrike M. Hamer ◽  
Annemie P. Gijsen ◽  
Bart B. Groen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Protein Digestion

The Influence of the Dietary Protein Content on Growth in Giant Breed Dogs

1993 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 01-08 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. W. Hazewinkel ◽  
G. Voorhout ◽  
W. J. Biewenga ◽  
J. P. Koeman ◽  
S. A. Goedegebuure ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Enchondral Ossification ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Great Dane

SummaryFeeding immature dogs of large breeds a diet exceeding the NRC recommendations (5) for energy, protein, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and vitamin D may result in disturbances of skeletal development. The effects of excess energy and various Ca:P ratios per se have been reported. The role of dietary protein, especially with regard to skeletal growth in giantbreed dogs was studied. Clinical, biochemical, radiographical, and histological parameters were studied in three groups of Great Dane pups raised on diets only differing in protein content (14.6, 23.1 and 31.6% dm respectively). Significant differences were found for body weight, plasma albumin, and plasma urea. The differences in protein intake per se had no demonstrable consequences for renal and skeletal development. A causative role for dietary protein in disturbed enchondral ossification in dogs is unlikely.Nutrition is important during growth, especially in giant breed dogs. The role of dietary protein with regard to skeletal development was studied in three groups of Great Dane pups raised on diets only differing in protein content. A causative role for dietary protein in disturbed enchondral ossification is unlikely.

scholarly journals Protein Type, Protein Dose, and Age Modulate Dietary Protein Digestion and Phenylalanine Absorption Kinetics and Plasma Phenylalanine Availability in Humans

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (8) ◽  
pp. 2041-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan H M Gorissen ◽  
Jorn Trommelen ◽  
Imre W K Kouw ◽  
Andrew M Holwerda ◽  
Bart Pennings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Absorption Kinetics ◽  
Acid Absorption ◽  
Amino Acid Absorption ◽  
Type Protein ◽  
Protein Ingestion

ABSTRACT Background Dietary protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis by providing amino acids to the muscle. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial increase in muscle protein synthesis rates are largely determined by dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics. Objective We assessed the impact of protein type, protein dose, and age on dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics in vivo in humans. Methods We included data from 18 randomized controlled trials with a total of 602 participants [age: 53 ± 23 y; BMI (kg/m2): 24.8 ± 3.3] who consumed various quantities of intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine–labeled whey (n = 137), casein (n = 393), or milk (n = 72) protein and received intravenous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, which allowed us to assess protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and the postprandial release of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine into the circulation. The effect of aging on these processes was assessed in a subset of 82 young (aged 22 ± 3 y) and 83 older (aged 71 ± 5 y) individuals. Results A total of 50% ± 14% of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine appeared in the circulation over a 5-h postprandial period. Casein ingestion resulted in a smaller (45% ± 11%), whey protein ingestion in an intermediate (57% ± 10%), and milk protein ingestion in a greater (65% ± 13%) fraction of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation (P < 0.001). The postprandial availability of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine in the circulation increased with the ingestion of greater protein doses (P < 0.05). Protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics were attenuated in older when compared with young individuals, with 45% ± 10% vs. 51% ± 14% of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation, respectively (P = 0.001). Conclusions Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and subsequent postprandial plasma amino acid availability in vivo in humans. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00557388, NCT00936039, NCT00991523, NCT01317511, NCT01473576, NCT01576848, NCT01578590, NCT01615276, NCT01680146, NCT01820975, NCT01986842, and NCT02596542, and at http://www.trialregister.nl as NTR3638, NTR3885, NTR4060, NTR4429, and NTR4492.

scholarly journals The impact of Hayward green kiwifruit on dietary protein digestion and protein metabolism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanghee Park ◽  
David D. Church ◽  
Carlene Starck ◽  
Scott E. Schutzler ◽  
Gohar Azhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Green Kiwifruit

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to determine if an actinidin protease aids gastric digestion and the protein anabolic response to dietary protein. Methods Hayward green kiwifruit (containing an actinidin protease) and Hort 16A gold kiwifruit (devoid of actinidin protease) were given in conjunction with a beef meal to healthy older subjects. Twelve healthy older males (N = 6) and females (N = 6) were studied with a randomized, double-blinded, crossover design to assess muscle and whole-body protein metabolism before and after ingestion of kiwifruit and 100 g of ground beef. Subjects consumed 2 of each variety of kiwifruit daily for 14 d prior to each metabolic study, and again during each study with beef intake. Results Hayward green kiwifruit consumption with beef resulted in a more rapid increase in peripheral plasma essential amino acid concentrations. There were significant time by kiwifruit intake interactions for plasma concentrations of EAAs, branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), and leucine (P < 0.01). However, there was no difference in the total amount of EAAs absorbed. As a result, there were no differences between kiwifruit in any of the measured parameters of protein kinetics. Conclusion Consumption of Hayward green kiwifruit, with a beef meal facilitates protein digestion and absorption of the constituent amino acids as compared to Hort 16A gold kiwifruit. Clinical trial NCT04356573, April 21, 2020 “retrospectively registered”.

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