Growth rates of Rhizobium trifolii and Rhizobium lupini in sterilized soils

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 919 ◽  
Author(s):  
M/S Chowdhury ◽  
KC Marshall ◽  
CA Parker
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Rhizobium Trifolii ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Rhizobium Lupini

The growth characteristics of Rhizobium trifolii and R. lupini in a sterilized infertile sandy soil were studied at different temperatures. R. trifolii grew at a faster rate than R. lupini at all temperatures up to 30°C. The optimum temperature for growth for both species was found to be approximately 30°. Temperatures higher than 35° were found to be lethal for both species, the cells of R. trifolii being the more sensitive. In a fertile sandy loam the growth rates of both species were improved, the effect being more pronounced with R. lupini. The presence of the appropriate host plants in the sterilized infertile sand resulted in faster growth rates in both species, particularly R. lupini.

INFLUENCE OF UNCONVENTIONAL FERTILIZERS ON MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SODDY-PODZOLY SANDY SOIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-87
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Leonova ◽  
◽  
T.A. Spasskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Microbiological Activity ◽  
Coffee Waste ◽  
Loam Soil

The change in the microbiological activity of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil when using coffee waste and sewage sludge as a fertilizer for oats in comparison with traditional fertilizers is considered. During the study, it was determined that the predominant groups were bacteria and actinomycetes. Bacilli and fungi are few in number. The introduction of sewage sludge and coffee waste into the sod-podzolic sandy loam soil at a dose of 10 t / ha increases the activity of the microflora of the sod-podzolic sandy loam soil, which increases the effective and potential fertility.

Contrast between sandy and clay soils in the effects of various factors on the growth, nitrogen uptake and yield of winter wheat in three years

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Thorne ◽  
P. J. Welbank ◽  
F. V. Widdowson ◽  
A. Penny ◽  
A. D. Todd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Number Of Shoots

SummaryWinter wheat grown following potatoes on a sandy loam at Woburn in 1978–9, 1980–1 and 1981–2 was compared with that on a clay loam at Rothamsted in 1978–9 and 1980–1, and on a silty clay (alluvium) at Woburn in 1981–2. The cultivar was Hustler in the harvest years 1979 and 1981 and Avalon in 1982. On each soil in each year multifactorial experiments tested effects of combinations of six factors, each at two levels.The best 4-plot mean grain yield ranged from 89 to 11·1 t/ha during the 3 years; it was smaller on the sandy soil than on the clay soil in 1979, but larger on sand than on the clay in 1981 and 1982. Until anthesis the number of shoots, dry weight and N content of the wheat giving these best yields were less on sand than on clay. Unlike grain weight, straw weight was always less on sand.Sowing in mid-September instead of mid-October increased grain yield on clay in each year (by 0·4·0·7 t/ha) and increased yield on sand only in 1981 (by 1·6 t/ha). Early sowing always increased dry weight, leaf area, number of shoots and N uptake until May. The benefits were always greater on clay than on sand immediately before N fertilizer was applied in the spring and usually lessened later on both soils.Aldicarb as an autumn pesticide increased grain yield of early-sown wheat on both soils in 1981 by lessening infection with barley yellow dwarf virus. Aldicarb increased yield on clay in 1982; it also decreased the number of plant parasitic nematodes.Wheat on sand was more responsive to nitrogen in division, timing and amount than was wheat on clay. In 1979 yield of wheat on sand was increased by dividing spring N between March, April and May, instead of giving it all in April, and in 1982 by giving winter N early in February. In 1981 division and timing on sand interacted with sowing date. Yield of early-sown wheat given N late, i.e. in March, April and May, exceeded that given N early, i.e. in February, March and May, by 1·4 t/ha; single dressings given all in March or all in April also yielded less than the late divided dressing. Yield of later-sown wheat given all the N in April was at least 1·2 t/ha less than with all N given in March or with divided N. In all years treatments that increased yield usually also increased N uptake. Grain yield on clay was never affected by division or timing of spring N or by application of winter N. This was despite the fact that all treatments that involved a delay in the application of N depressed growth and N uptake in spring on both sand and clay. The mean advantage in N uptake following early application of spring N eventually reversed on both soils, so that uptake at maturity was greater from late than from early application. Increasing the amount of N given in spring from the estimated requirement for 9 t/ha grain yield to that for 12 t/ha increased yield in 1982, especially on sand. The larger amount of N always increased the number of ears but often decreased the number of grains per ear and the size of individual grains.Irrigation increased grain yield only on the sandy soil, by 1·1 t/ha in 1979 and by 07 t/ha in 1981 and 1982. The component responsible was dry weight per grain in 1979 and 1982, when soil moisture deficits reaching maximum values of 136 and 110 mm respectively in the 2 years developed after anthesis; the component responsible was number of ears/m2 in 1982 when the maximum deficit of 76 mm occurred earlier, in late May.

scholarly journals Predatory activity of Arthrobotrys oligospora and Duddingtonia flagrans on pre-parasitic larval stages of cyathostominae under different constant temperatures

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 839-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clóvis de Paula Santos ◽  
Terezinha Padilha ◽  
Maria de Lurdes de Azevedo Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Duddingtonia Flagrans ◽  
Arthrobotrys Oligospora ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Predatory Activity ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Reduction Percentage

The effect of different temperatures on the predatory activity of Arthrobotrys oligospora and Duddingtonia flagrans on the free-living larval stages of cyathostomes were evaluated in an experiment where feces of horses containing the parasites’ eggs were treated with these fungi and incubated under different constant temperatures (10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C and 30°C ). The results indicated that the optimum temperature for egg development was 25°C. At 10°C the number of L3 recovered was practically zero, and at 15°C and 20°C, the percentage of larvae recovered was less than 3% of the total number of eggs per gram of feces. When these cultures subsequently were incubated for an additional period of 14 days at 27°C, they allowed the development of L3. In all the cultures inoculated with fungi a significant reduction in the number of larvae was observed. When incubated at 25°C or 30°C, the fungi caused reductions above 90%, in the number of L3. The samples cultivated at 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C and 30°C, when incubated for an additional period of 14 days at 27°C the reduction percentage of larvae was above 90% for A. oligospora. However, the same did not occur for D. flagrans. Here a reduction percentage between 47.5% and 41.8% was recorded when the cultures were incubated at 10°C and 20°C, respectively. The two species of fungi tested showed to be efficient in reducing the number of L3 when mixed with equine feces and maintained at the same temperature for the development of larval pre-parasitic stages of cyathostomes.

scholarly journals Determination of the capillary conductivity of soils at low moisture tensions.

1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Butijn ◽  
J. Wesseling
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam

Equations are developed for calculating capillary conductivity from data of outflow measurements obtained with a suction apparatus. Results obtained on a sandy soil and a sandy loam are reported. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

The production characteristics of the indigenous Imroz and Kivircik sheep breeds in Turkey

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Yilmaz ◽  
M. Ozcan ◽  
B. Ekiz ◽  
A. Ceyhan ◽  
A. Altine
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Marmara Region ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Production Characteristics

SummaryThis study was carried out to investigate the fertility, milk production and body weight of ewes and the survival and growth characteristics of lambs of the indigenous Imroz and Kivircik sheep breeds. The Imroz and Kivircik sheep breeds are included among the genetic resources in the project for the conservation of the indigenous breeds in Turkey.Conception rates for Imroz and Kivircik ewes were 57.6% and 81.7% respectively, litter sizes were 1.2 and 1.2 respectively, milk yields were 89 kg and 62 kg respectively and average live weights (2–7 years of age) were 43 kg and 55 kg, respectively. Imroz and Kivircik lambs had survival rates at weaning (90th day) of 98% and 96%, birth weights of 3.3 kg and 4.1 kg and weaning weights of 19.8 kg and 28.0 kg, respectively.The results showed that the Kivircik sheep were heavier and the lambs had a better growth rate until weaning than the Imroz breed. However, the milk production of the Imroz ewes was higher than that of Kivircik. The lambs of both breeds had a satisfactory survival and growth rates until weaning and these results might be regarded as a desired adaptation of the Imroz and Kivircik lambs to the environmental conditions of the Marmara Region.

Effects of Truttaedacnitis truttae (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) on growth and swimming of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1220-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies ◽  
Similar Growth ◽  
Food Consumed

Growth and swimming abilities of fingerling and 1.5-year-old rainbow trout infected with the nematode parasite Truttaedacnitis truttae were examined. Control trout and trout infected in the laboratory with 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 worms exhibited similar growth characteristics over a 10-week period within each of four experimental groups fed different rations of trout chow (1, 2, 3, or 4% of wet body weight fed per day). Decreasing growth rates showed some correlation with increasing numbers of nematode parasites. Differences between growth rates, amounts of food consumed, and food conversion efficiencies of infected and noninfected fish were not statistically significant. Critical swimming speed, fixed velocity, and burst velocity stamina tests revealed similar swimming abilities in both control and infected trout. Maximum swimming speeds attained and time to fatigue at cruising speeds were more closely related to fish size than to numbers of worms with which fish were infected. Importance to rainbow trout survival of large natural infections with T. truttae is discussed.

Effects of water stress and soil type on photosynthesis, leaf water potential and yield of olive trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Chemlali Sfax)

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ben Rouina ◽  
A. Trigui ◽  
R. d'Andria ◽  
M. Boukhris ◽  
M. Chaïeb
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Olive Trees

In Tunisia, olives are grown under severe rain-fed, arid conditions. To determine the behaviour of olive trees (cv. Chemlali Sfax) during the severe drought affecting Tunisian arid areas in 2002, a range of physiological parameters were investigated in three adjacent orchards. Two olive orchards were rain-fed, one located on a sandy soil, and the other on a sandy-loam clay soil. A third orchard was also located on sandy soil, but received remedial irrigation (415 mm of water per year; ~40% of olive evapotranspiration). Predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd) did not fall below –1.52 MPa for irrigated olive trees. However, a large decrease in Ψpd was observed for rain-fed olive trees in the same period with Ψpd measured at about –3.2 MPa on sandy soil and –3.6 MPa on sandy-loam clay soil. At the same time, the minimal leaf water potential recorded at midday (Ψmin) decreased to –4.15 MPa and –4.71 MPa in the rain-fed trees for sandy and sandy-loam clay soil, respectively. For irrigated trees, the Ψmin was –1.95 MPa. These results were associated with relative water content, which varied from 80% for irrigated trees to 54 and 43.6%, respectively, for rain-fed trees and trees subjected to severe drought. In August, when the relative water content values were less than 50%, a progressive desiccation in the outer layer of canopy and death of terminal shoots were observed in trees, which grew on the sandy-loam clay soil. Furthermore, low soil water availability also affected (negatively) the net photosynthetic rate in rain-fed orchards (10.3 µmol/m2.s for irrigated trees v. 5.3 µmol/m2.s in rain-fed trees on sandy soil) and stomatal conductance (98.5 mmol/m2.s v. 69.3 mmol/m2.s). However, it improved water use efficiency (7.6 v. 4.7 µmol CO2/mmol H2O), which increased by more than 50% in both groups of rain-fed trees compared with the irrigated ones. We can conclude that olive trees respond to drought by showing significant changes in their physiological and biological mechanisms. These results also help our understanding of how olive trees cope with water stress in the field and how marginal soils can restrict growth and lower yields.

Digestion in Ascidians and the Influence of Temperature

1929 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-292
Author(s):  
N. J. BERRILL
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Pass Through

1. The mechanism of feeding and digestion in the Pyurid Ascidians Tethyum pyriforme americanum and Boltenia ovifera is described. 2. The structure and histology of the "liver" is described and it is shown that it is primarily an organ of secretion. 3. It is found that the only digestive enzymes are those poured into the gut by the liver, and consist of a powerful amylase, a protease, a very weak lipase, and also an invertase, a maltase, and a lactase. 4. The brownish pigment of the liver gives reactions with acids somewhat like those of bile pigment. There is no trace of bile salts, however, nor of cholesterol. 5. The amylase has an activity range from pH 6.0 topic pH 8.5 with an optimum near pH 7.5. The protease is active from pH 6.0 to above pH 10.0. A similar protease is secreted by Molgula citrina and Ascidia prunum. 6. The relative strengths of the amylase and protease are compared, the amylase being very much the stronger. 7. While experiments of brief duration indicate an optimum temperature for enzyme activity above 40° C, the more prolonged the experiments the lower does the optimum become. Whatever the optimum may be after an experiment of 2 hours' duration, it falls about 20° C. during the next 45 hours, if the experiments be so prolonged. 8. At 15° C. and at 10° C. the food takes about 35 and 55 hours respectively to pass through the alimentary canal, and at 50 C. somewhere between 70 and 90 hours. These temperatures approximately cover the normal range in temperature of the environment, and therefore of the animal itself. 9. From experiments lasting 33 hours the optimum temperature for enzyme activity was found to be about 17° C.; that is, within one or two degrees of the body temperature. From experiments lasting 57 hours the optimum temperature was found to be about 13° C ; that is, within three degrees of the body temperature. 10. These temperature optima not only represent the relative amounts of substrate converted at different temperatures, but also represent the absolute amounts converted and convertible. 11. The enzymes, amylase and protease, are two-thirds to three-quarters destroyed during their period of activity within the alimentary canal of the animal, and in order to utilise the remainder the digestion mixture would have to be retained within the canal for twice as long a time. 12. Therefore it seems probable that the organism in making such a compromise between a high activity of the enzyme and its economical use is working to a maximum efficiency; and it is possible that a permanent increase in the stability of the digestive enzymes would be turned to advantage through a more prolonged retention of the food within the gut.

scholarly journals Priming and temperature limits for germination of dispersal units of Urochloa brizantha (Stapf) Webster cv. basilisk

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-241
Author(s):  
EA. Nakao ◽  
VJM. Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Priming Effect ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Thermal Limits ◽  
Ceiling Temperature ◽  
Germination Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Potential Conditions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of priming treatments on the upper and lower thermal limits for germination of Urochloa brizantha cv. basilisk, and testing the hypothesis that pré-imbibition affect thermal parameters of the germination. Pre-imbibed seeds both in distilled water (0 MPa) and PEG 6000 solution (–0.5 MPa) were put to germinate in different temperatures. It is suggested that U. brizantha seeds have low response to priming when they were placed to germinate in medium where water is not limiting. The response of U. brizantha seeds to priming is dependent on the temperature and water potential conditions at which the seeds are pre-imbibed, as well as on the germination temperature. The optimum temperature for germination of U. brizantha shift toward warmer temperatures in primed seeds. Priming effect was more pronounced at temperatures closer to the upper and lower limit for germination, but probably that response cannot be accounted for changes in the thermal time constant (θT(g)) and ceiling temperature (Tc(g)). Otherwise, a decrease in the base temperature (Tb) was observed in primed seeds, suggesting that the Tb distribution in U. brizantha seeds is influenced by priming.

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