Isoflavone mutations in subterranean clover. I. Their production, characteristics and inheritance

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Francis ◽  
AJ Millington
Keyword(s):  
Single Gene ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Genetic Evidence ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Production Characteristics

Four isoflavone mutations of considerable biological and practical potential are described. Genetic evidence accumulated to date suggests the mutations to be simple recessives. A single gene can control the release of bound isoflavones. Single genes apparently also control the methylation of daidzein and genistein to formononetin and biochanin A respectively, and the development of isoflavones in normal quantities. Crosses between lines carrying the individual mutations lead to modified dihybrid Mendelian ratios.

Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) V. Ontogenetic change

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter ◽  
AB Beck
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Ontogenetic Change ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Expansion Stage ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual

On plants of the same age, differences between leaves in the concentrations of the oestrogenic isoflavones daidzein (D), formononetin (F), genistein (G), and biochanin A (BA) were largely due to differences in leaf age. Concentrations of F, G, and BA declined during unfolding and development of the individual leaf. The maximum amounts per leaf of F, G, and BA were attained at the completion of the cell expansion stage. The appearance of D was associated with leaf senescence. The concentrations of F, G, and BA in expanded leaves usually declined during plant growth. An exception was F in the Yarloop strain. Relatively low levels of isoflavones were found in the stem + petiole fraction and in the roots, and intermediate levels in flowers. The relevance of these results to animal bioassays for oestrogenic activity is discussed.

Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) VII. Effects of nitrogen supply

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Carbon Substrates ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Practical Implications

In experiments with young plants of the Dwalganup strain of subterranean clover, nitrogen deficiency was associated with increased concentrations of isoflavones in the expanded leaves and cotyledons. In the first trifoliate leaves the concentration of total isoflavones (formononetin+genistein+ biochanin A) was approximately doubled at low nitrogen supply. Biochanin A was much less affected than the other two isoflavones. The increase in isoflavone contents of nitrogen-deficient leaves was associated with decreased protein synthesis, but not always with increased sugar contents. The supply of carbon substrates for isoflavone synthesis may depend on starch as well as sugar contents. Practical implications of the results are considered briefly.

Adaptation by sheep to isoflavones in clover

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (41) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
FHW Morley ◽  
D Bennett ◽  
A Axelsen
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
High Concentrations

Vaginal mucus scores and uterine weights of ovariectomized ewes that grazed subterranean clover for 13 days prior to tests were similar to those from ewes fed non-oestrogenic rations during this pre-treatment, if the leaves of test clovers contained high concentrations of formononetin (F) (Yarloop and Dinninup). No responses were obtained from subterranean clovers low in F, but high in genistein (G) or biochanin A (BA) (Clare and Bacchus Marsh) except for a group which was fed a non-oestrogenic diet during pre-treatment, and which gave a positive mucus test, but not a stgnificant uterine weight response. These results indicate that ewes can become non-responsive to G and BA, but not to F, and offer an explanation for some inconsistencies among bioassays of subterranean clovers. The task of selection and breeding of subterranean clover seems to be simplified since G and BA are unlikely to be harmful.

Resistance to subterranean clover stunt virus

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Peak ◽  
FHW Morley ◽  
NW Grylls
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Major Genes ◽  
Complete Dominance ◽  
Subterranean Clover Stunt Virus

In glass-house tests of 40 subterranean clover lines showing field resistance, 21 were found to be resistant. These included lines from Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Greece, Tunisia, and Australia. The resistance of the Australian varieties Tallarook and Hill's Small was confirmed. Three further lines from Australia, Hexham Smooth Stem, Hexham Hairy Stem, and Samaria, were also found to be resistant. Bass B, previously classed as resistant, gave variable results. The level of resistance in the F1's from crosses between resistant and susceptible parents equalled that of the resistant parents, which indicated complete dominance of resistance. The F2 values were somewhat higher than those of the mid-parents. Variations among resistant and susceptible parents, and among F2's of susceptible parents, indicated that resistance is not determined solely by a single gene. Modifiers, and probably different major genes, appear to be present. The implications of these results for plant breeding are discussed.

Effect of calcium on the growth and virulence of Phytophthora clandestina

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Simpfendorfer ◽  
T. J. Harden
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Seedling Biomass ◽  
Pathogenic Races ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
The Individual

Calcium was found to significantly stimulate both the mycelial growth and virulence of Phytophthora clandestina, the major soilborne fungal pathogen of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). On average, the addition of calcium as either CaCO3 or CaCl2 to 3 artificial media increased the in vitro growth of 15 isolates from 20 to 135%. Calcium was also shown to increase the severity of root disease caused by 6 isolates of P. clandestina by up to 100% in a glasshouse experiment. The addition of Ca2+ as CaCl2 had a greater stimulatory effect on the virulence of P. clandestina towards cv. Woogenellup seedlings (up to 57% reduction in seedling biomass) than supplementing with CaCO3 (maximum 36% decrease). The virulence of 6 isolates from 3 different pathogenic races of P. clandestina were examined in the glasshouse experiment. Differences in the virulence of P. clandestina towards cv. Woogenellup seedlings was shown to be dependent on the individual isolate rather than the pathogenic race to which it is assigned.

Current Environmental Health Challenges

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Paraskevi Papadopoulou ◽  
Anastasia Misseyanni ◽  
Christina Marouli
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Airborne Particulates ◽  
Physical Hazards ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Toxin Metabolism

This is the first of two overview chapters of important contemporary environmental health challenges. The exciting developments in the environmental health fields are approached in an interdisciplinary manner covering cutting-edge scientific developments and research. In the first chapter, environmental exposures to a variety of toxins, diseases, and stressors that challenge the individual and affect public health are examined. The handling, storage, big data management related to medical and health-informatics are discussed. Issues such as single gene polymorphisms, gene expression, transcriptomics, epigenetics, metabolomics, exposure to carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, heavy metals, physical hazards, airborne particulates, quality of food and water, toxin metabolism, bioinformatics, and exposome analysis are considered. Important recommendations and solutions are provided emphasizing the collaboration between researchers/scientists and the community.

Quantitative aspects of phytooestrogen metabolism in sheep fed on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cultivar clare) or red clover (Trifolium pratense)

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Shutt ◽  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Free Form ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

Studies have been made of the digestion and metabolism in Merino wethers of the isoflavones in subterranean clover (Trtfolium subterraneurn cv. Clare) and red clover (T. pratense). The dietary intake of isoflavones with both clovers was about 9 g per day. With the subterranean clover, the isoflavones were predominantly genistein and biochanin A, and slight teat length increases in the wethers ingesting this clover indicated a low level of oestrogenicity. With the red clover formononetin represented 60% of the isoflavone present and the wethers on this diet exhibited maximal teat length increases indicating a high level of oestrogenicity. Less than 1 % of the daily intake of the isoflavones was excreted as such in the faeces and urine; hence most of these compounds were metabolized or retained in the sheep. The dietary isoflavones were found to disappear rapidly from the rumen, and it was estimated by using marker techniques that the removal of these compounds from the stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum) was virtually complete. Equol (7,4'-dihydroxyisoflavan), a metabolite of formononetin, was the predominant phyto-oestrogen in the digesta and excreta when red clover was given. The excretion of 3.9 g/day of this compound, mainly in urine, was equivalent to 70% of the intake of formononetin. It was calculated that about 86% of the equol produced in the rumen was absorbed from that organ; the mean residence time for equol in the rumen was estimated to be 1.7 hr. The isoflavones were present in blood plasma mainly in conjugated forms. Equol predominated with both clovers. The levels of equol were much lower with the subterranean clover than with the red clover diet; the concentrations of the conjugated form were respectively 13 and 300-440 �g/100 ml. Equol in the free form, although not detectable with the subterranean clover, was present at 4-10 �g/100 ml with red clover. The data were considered to be consistent with the conclusion that equol accounts for most of the phyto-oestrogenic activity in sheep fed on clovers containing high levels of formononetin.

Studies in uterotrophic activities in strains of subterranean clover

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 871 ◽  
Author(s):  
HL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Negative Controls

Uterotrophic responses in ovariectomized ewes when fed or grazed on Mount Barker, Yarloop or Dwalganup varieties of subterranean clover are reported. The high formononetin varieties Dwalganup and Yarloop always elicited a uterotrophic response. The low-formononetin, high-genistein and biochanin A variety, Mount Barker, stimulated a uterotrophic response, using a 5-day bioassay, when fed at 200g/day or 800g/day, but little or no response when grazed. When chopped lucerne hay was offered with 200 g of the Mount Barker the uterotrophic response was suppressed and the mean uterine weight was not significantly different from that of the negative controls (P= 0.57). The uterine weight of sheep eating 200 g/day of Yarloop and offered lucerne chaff or pellets in one experiment was lower (but not significantly lower) than the unsupplemented group. This trend may be worthy of further investigation.

The oestrogenic isoflavones of subterranean clover

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Beck
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Isoflavone Content ◽  
Plant Data ◽  
Layer Chromatography

A number of strains of subterranean clover has been examined for isoflavone content in an attempt to explain the differences of oestrogenic potency in sheep and cattle under field conditions. A method of thin-layer chromatography has been developed which allows a rapid semiquantitative estimation of the main isoflavones present in this species. The isoflavones are present in a combined form, probably as glycosides, and the free isoflavones are rapidly released after crushing the leaf. The percentages of formononetin, genistein, and biochanin A in the leaves are very much higher than reported by earlier workers and vary widely between strains. Moreover, the ratios of the isoflavones differ greatly among strains. The relevance of these plant data to the oestrogenic potency in the animal is discussed.

scholarly journals Integrating metabolic, transcriptional regulatory and signal transduction models in Escherichia coli

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (18) ◽  
pp. 2044-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus W. Covert ◽  
Nan Xiao ◽  
Tiffany J. Chen ◽  
Jonathan R. Karr
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Ordinary Differential Equations ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Flux Balance ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gene Perturbation

AbstractMotivation: The effort to build a whole-cell model requires the development of new modeling approaches, and in particular, the integration of models for different types of processes, each of which may be best described using different representation. Flux-balance analysis (FBA) has been useful for large-scale analysis of metabolic networks, and methods have been developed to incorporate transcriptional regulation (regulatory FBA, or rFBA). Of current interest is the integration of these approaches with detailed models based on ordinary differential equations (ODEs).Results: We developed an approach to modeling the dynamic behavior of metabolic, regulatory and signaling networks by combining FBA with regulatory Boolean logic, and ordinary differential equations. We use this approach (called integrated FBA, or iFBA) to create an integrated model of Escherichia coli which combines a flux-balance-based, central carbon metabolic and transcriptional regulatory model with an ODE-based, detailed model of carbohydrate uptake control. We compare the predicted Escherichia coli wild-type and single gene perturbation phenotypes for diauxic growth on glucose/lactose and glucose/glucose-6-phosphate with that of the individual models. We find that iFBA encapsulates the dynamics of three internal metabolites and three transporters inadequately predicted by rFBA. Furthermore, we find that iFBA predicts different and more accurate phenotypes than the ODE model for 85 of 334 single gene perturbation simulations, as well for the wild-type simulations. We conclude that iFBA is a significant improvement over the individual rFBA and ODE modeling paradigms.Availability: All MATLAB files used in this study are available at http://www.simtk.org/home/ifba/.Contact: [email protected] information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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