Effects of different levels of zinc and phosphorus on the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Millikan
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Zinc Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Phosphate Treatment ◽  
High Phosphate

Four water culture experiments are described in which the effects of the addition of all combinations of graduated amounts of phosphorus and zinc on the growth of subterranean clover were studied.In the first experiment, the variety Dwalganup was used, and in the other experiments the varieties Clare and Edenhope. Varietal differences in the symptoms of zinc deficiency are described. Phosphorus toxicity symptoms occurred in the variety Clare but not in Edenhope. The effects of increases in zinc or phosphorus level, or both, on growth of top + root (T + R) and on percentage top are described. A highly significant variety x phosphorus interaction effect on T + R was recorded at adequate zinc levels, which indicated that the phosphorus requirement of Edenhope was considerably greater than that of Clare. By contrast, tolerance to high levels of zinc in the substrate was greater in Clare than in Edenhope. In the presence of added phosphate, the initial T + R response to small, but still insufficient, additions of zinc to the substrate occurred in root growth more than in top growth, whereas when a level of zinc adequate for normal growth was supplied, top growth of the plants benefited more than root growth. Highly significant zinc x phosphorus interaction effects on T + R occurred. No relationship existed between zinc concentration and the occurrence of zinc deficiency symptoms. The critical zinc level was not a point of narrow range, but included a wide range of values, depending on the age of the plants and the phosphate level. The depression in T + R induced by high phosphate when the zinc level was insufficient was not due to a decrease in zinc concentration resulting from the high phosphate treatment, but such plants gave a high value for the phosphorus/zinc ratio. The results suggest that zinc is essential to phosphate utilization by the plant. Evidence of redistribution of phosphorus from tops to roots, and of decreases in the total amount of phosphorus in phosphorus-deficient plants, was obtained in one experiment between days 27 and 60.

Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of copper supply on growth and development

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of severe and moderate copper deficiency on the development of leaves and lateral branches, on the distribution of dry weight within the plant, and on seed yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover were assessed as part of three glasshouse experiments. Copper deficiency markedly depressed top and root growth without producing any distinctive symptoms. It retarded phasic development by delaying development of leaves and lateral branches, senescence of plant parts, and flowering: it also depressed the proportion of stem plus petiole in plant tops and decreased internode elongation, pollen fertility and the number of burrs and seeds formed. As a result of its effect in delaying flowering, copper deficiency would depress seed production particularly strongly when low soil water supply shortens the growing season. The need for suitable procedures for diagnosing copper deficiency is emphasized by the lack of specific plant symptoms in this species.

Seed yield and nutritive value of dry, mature subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Ru ◽  
J. A. Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Wide Range

The nutritive value of 26 cultivars of dry, mature subterranean clover was evaluated at Shenton Park, Perth, Western Australia. The cultivars were divided into 3 maturity groups according to flowering time and each cultivar was sown in blocks comprising 4 replicates. The plots were grazed by sheep at 2-week intervals during the growing season. Dry mature plant material and soil were sampled in summer to examine the effect of grazing and cultivar on seed yield and nutritive value of feed residues. Cultivars heavily grazed in spring had a low herbage mass. There was no difference in seed yield and seed weight between heavily and lightly grazed cultivars. Dry matter digestibility and mineral content of dry residues was inconsistent for the 2 grazing treatments. The dry matter digestibility of dry, mature subterranean clover ranged from 40 to 56%, with a wide range of crude fibre, nitrogen and mineral content for the 26 cultivars. While most minerals in the dry residues were above the requirement for sheep, 7 cultivars had a zinc content less than the maintenance requirement for sheep. There was an imbalance for all cultivars in calcium: phosphorus with a range of 4–10: 1. Concurrent estimates on the yield and composition of seed indicated that seed can be resource of minerals for grazing animals in summer. Most cultivars had a seed yield over 100 g/m2 with that of 9 cultivars being over 130 g/m2. Seed was rich in nitrogen, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc and copper, and poor in sodium, calcium and manganese. However, there were no cultivars with an appropriate ratio of calcium and phosphorus. The imbalance in nitrogen and sulfur was a result of high nitrogen content with the ratio ranging from 19: 1 to 29: 1.

Zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of zinc supply on distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 989 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
D Plaskett
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of zinc supply on the distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts were examined during the first 55 days of vegetative development of Seaton Park subterranean clover grown in a zinc-deficient soil in a glasshouse. Symptoms of zinc deficiency first appeared in young trifoliate leaves. Zinc deficiency decreased the expansion of blades and petioles, delayed the development of leaves and lateral branches, depressed dry weights of roots and shoots, and increased the proportion of plant dry weight in roots and leaf blades. In each treatment and at each harvest, zinc concentrations varied widely amongst plant parts and with their physiological age. Plant parts also differed widely in the response of their dry matter and zinc concentrations to both zinc treatment and harvest time. It is suggested that these complex relationships explain why plant samples consisting of composite plant parts are not suitable for diagnosis of zinc deficiency. In the present experiment, zinc concentration in whole shoots was unsatisfactory for diagnosing zinc deficiency since concentrations were higher in young, zinc-deficient plants than in older, zinc-adequate plants. In young leaf blades of the same physiological age, zinc concentrations showed reasonably constant relationships with plant growth throughout the entire experiment. However, they varied two- to three-fold in leaves of different ages from the same plants. The results show the importance for diagnosis of zinc deficiency of selecting as a sample a single organ of defined physiological age. The youngest open leaf blade is recommended for diagnosis of zinc deficiency in subterranean clover.

scholarly journals Leaf development and dry matter production of subterranean clover cultivars in relation to autumn sward management

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
D.J. Moot ◽  
A.D. Black ◽  
W.R. Scott ◽  
J. Richardon
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Lincoln University

Seeds of five cultivars of subterranean clover, together with one of white clover, were sown in a wide range of temperature regimes under both controlled environment and field conditions. Results were consistent across temperature regimes and showed that the first trifoliate leaf emerged after 230 °Cd for all subterranean clover cultivars and 309 °Cd for the white clover cultivar. For subterranean clover, exponential leaf appearance commenced after 434 °Cd at the six total leaf stage. At this time, subterranean clover can be defoliated without causing permanent physical damage to seedlings. The field study at Lincoln University showed that subterranean clover that germinated in March produced 44 kg DM/ha/day for 158 days to yield approximately 7 000 kg DM/ha by mid-September. Subterranean clover that germinated in May produced 15 kg DM/ha/day for 120 days to yield only 1 800 kg DM/ha by mid September. These results are discussed in relation to the time of autumn grazing management for subterranean clover, including extrapolation to other climatic areas of New Zealand. Key words: herbage yield, phyllochron, seedling establishment, thermal time, Trifolium subterraneum, T. repens, white clover

Distribution of zinc and copper in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) grown in culture solutions supplied with graduated amounts of zinc

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Riceman ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stages Of Growth

The distribution of dry weight and of zinc and copper at different stages of growth has been examined in Trifolium subterraneum L. var. Bacchus Marsh grown in culture solutions to which graduated amounts of zinc were added. Several characteristics of the growth of the plants were assessed quantitatively. Symptoms of zinc deficiency developed in cultures which were supplied with suboptimal amounts of zinc.

The effect of phosphate supply on the growth and botanical composition of annual type pasture

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Phosphate Deficiency ◽  
Phosphate Supply ◽  
High Phosphate

The results of two long-term field experiments and two 1-year experiments are reported. In three of these, severe phosphate deficiency was present initially. At high phosphate supply, the annual total yield was not significantly related to age of pasture over periods of 10–13 years. At intermediate and low supply, yields relative to high phosphate supply increased significantly with time; these increases are believed to demonstrate residual effects of phosphate. Indirect evidence for nitrogen accretion from clover under severely phosphate-deficient conditions is presented. Sward components—in the long term—responded differentially to phosphate supply. With very low phosphate, erodium (Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol.) and flatweed (Hypochoeris glabra L.) were dominant; whereas with high phosphate, cape-weed (Cryptostemma calendula (L.) Druce) and ripgut brome grass (Bromus rigidus Roth)—or else barley grass (Hordeum leporinum Link)—were dominant. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), though present under these extremes, was relatively more plentiful at intermediate levels of supply. However, at "steady state" conditions, the range in clover content was fairly narrow (from c. 20 to 40%). The significance of these findings to a sheep infertility problem ("clover disease") of subterranean clover-dominant pastures is discussed.

scholarly journals Zinc Burden Evokes Copper Deficiency in the Hypoalbuminemic Hemodialysis Patients

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keizo Nishime ◽  
Morihiro Kondo ◽  
Kazuhiro Saito ◽  
Hisashi Miyawaki ◽  
Takahiko Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Zinc Acetate ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Zinc Level ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Upper Limit

Background: Recent research has focused on the roles of trace minerals such as zinc and copper. In 2017, oral zinc acetate was approved to treat zinc deficiency, and the next year, the Japanese Society for Clinical Nutrition developed the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment for zinc deficiency. Accordingly, hemodialysis patients began receiving zinc acetate when zinc deficiency was diagnosed. However, studies regarding the values of zinc and copper in hemodialysis patients are extremely poor, thus it remains unclear if the guidelines for healthy subjects can be applied to hemodialysis patients. Methods: We conducted a descriptive study, in which 132 patients were subjected to simply examine serum zinc concentration and its association with copper levels in hemodialysis patients (N = 65) versus healthy individuals attending a routine check-up (control group; N = 67) in our hospital. Analyses were performed with BellCurve for Excel (Social Survey Research Information Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan). Results: The distribution of zinc level in the hemodialysis group was distinct from that in the control group (P < 0.001). The zinc level was correlated with serum albumin concentration. Zinc concentration was also negatively correlated with serum copper level in both groups. In the hemodialysis group, the upper limit of zinc to avoid copper deficiency was 109.7 μg/dL, and the safety upper limit was 78.3 μg/dL. Conclusions: Hemodialysis patients exhibited a lower level of zinc concentration compared to normal healthy subjects. Since albumin binds to zinc as a carrier, low zinc levels could be attributed to lower level of serum albumin. Importantly, zinc and copper levels were inversely correlated, thus administration of oral zinc acetate could increase a risk for copper deficiency. It might be better to check both zinc and copper values monthly after prescribing zinc acetate.

Studies on the nutrition of pasture plants in the south-west of Western Australia. 2. Visual symptoms of mineral deficiencies on the Dwalganup strain of Trifolium subterraneum L

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Lemon Yellow ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Sulphur Deficiency

The visual symptoms of several mineral deficiencies on the Dwalganup strain of subterranean clover are outlined. Phosphorus, nitrogen, and molybdenum deficiencies particularly reduce the rate of leaf production and leaf size. They may be distinguished by leaf colour-dark green in phosphorus deficiency and greenish yellow to pale yellow in nitrogen and molybdenum deficiency. Sulphur deficiency reduces the rate of leaf production after the onset of symptoms. Leaf size was not greatly affected by the degree of sulphur deficiency studied. The older leaves were uniformly lemon yellow in colour. Both potassium and zinc deficiency result in very pronounced reduction in leaf size. Potassium deficiency, in addition, shows marginal necrosis of older leaves, while with zinc deficiency leaf shape is profoundly affected. Copper deficiency particularly reduces seed production. The leaves are lighter green in colour than normal. With calcium (and manganese) deficiency, no prominent symptoms were recorded on the soils used. The advantages and limitations of diagnosis by visual symptoms are discussed.

Seeding rate, time of sowing and fertilizers for subterranean clover seed production

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (65) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Quinlivan ◽  
AC Devitt ◽  
CM Francis
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Commercial Crop ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
High Phosphate

In two experiments in successive years on a sandy soil in Western Australia, seed production of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) when sown as a commercial crop was greatly influenced by time of sowing, phosphate rates and seeding rate. Early (April) sowing, high phosphate (up to 600 kg ha-1) and higher seeding rates (up to 24 kg ha-1) all increased seed set but the major effect was that of earliness of sowing. Time of sowing interacted with phosphate rates, the time of sowing differences being only fully expressed at high phosphate rates. Artificial nitrogen applied had a significant effect on seed yield in one of the trial years.

Effect of waterlogging and soil pH on the micro-distribution of naturalised annual legumes

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Gibberd ◽  
P. S. Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Patchy Distribution ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Waterlogging Treatment

Variation in the size and composition of the soil seed bank of 3 naturalised legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), woolly clover (T. tomentosum L.), and cluster clover (T. glomeratum L.), was related to soil characteristics on a transect that ascended from a winter waterlogged area in a wheatbelt pasture. Growth of the 3 species was compared with other species from section Vesicaria (T. resupinatum and T. clusii) in waterlogged and freely drained pots for 34 days. Of the 3 naturalised legumes present in the transect, cluster clover was rare, and woolly and subterranean clovers were separated on the basis of their response to soil pH and the likelihood of winter waterlogging. Subterranean clover was absent from soil with pH > 7·0; these areas were dominated by woolly clover. Areas with pH < 7·0 were dominated by subterranean clover, except where winter waterlogging was likely, in which case they were once again dominated by woolly clover. The waterlogging tolerance of woolly clover, together with that of other species in section Vesicaria, was confirmed in the pot experiment. After 34 days, shoot dry weight of the waterlogged Vesicaria species was an average of 39% greater than the freely drained controls. Root length continued to increase for the duration of the waterlogging treatment with much of the new root growth as laterals. Conversely, shoot and root growth in subterranean and cluster clovers was severely reduced by waterlogging. The patchy distribution of woolly clover in many wheatbelt pastures can be explained by its response to high pH and winter waterlogging compared with subterranean clover.

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