Studies on the nutrition of pasture plants in the south-west of Western Australia. 2. Visual symptoms of mineral deficiencies on the Dwalganup strain of Trifolium subterraneum L

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Lemon Yellow ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Sulphur Deficiency

The visual symptoms of several mineral deficiencies on the Dwalganup strain of subterranean clover are outlined. Phosphorus, nitrogen, and molybdenum deficiencies particularly reduce the rate of leaf production and leaf size. They may be distinguished by leaf colour-dark green in phosphorus deficiency and greenish yellow to pale yellow in nitrogen and molybdenum deficiency. Sulphur deficiency reduces the rate of leaf production after the onset of symptoms. Leaf size was not greatly affected by the degree of sulphur deficiency studied. The older leaves were uniformly lemon yellow in colour. Both potassium and zinc deficiency result in very pronounced reduction in leaf size. Potassium deficiency, in addition, shows marginal necrosis of older leaves, while with zinc deficiency leaf shape is profoundly affected. Copper deficiency particularly reduces seed production. The leaves are lighter green in colour than normal. With calcium (and manganese) deficiency, no prominent symptoms were recorded on the soils used. The advantages and limitations of diagnosis by visual symptoms are discussed.

Phosphorus, sulphur, and molybdenum deficiencies in soils from eastern Australia in relation to nutrient supply and some characteristics of soil and climate.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Sulphur Deficiency ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Western Victoria

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) was grown on 32 virgin soils in pot cultures, and the yield responses to phosphorus, sulphur, and molybdenum were determined for each soil. The soils were collected from a wide area in eastern Australia, extending from south-western Victoria to southern Queensland. Sulphur deficiency occurred almost as frequently as phosphorus deficiency. In fact, 75 per cent. of the soils were deficient in both phosphorus and sulphur. Thirty-one per cent. were deficient in all three elements. The effect of the interaction between the elements on the occurrence and intensity of the deficiencies is shown. Molybdenum responses were obtained only after the other deficiencies had been corrected. A deficiency in one of the elements is no indication of deficiency or sufficiency of either of the other two. There was no correlation between the occurrence or intensity of the deficiencies and the geological origin of the soil parent material, the climate of the regions from which the soils were collected, or such soil characters as colour, organic matter, and texture. Responses to phosphorus were less on the black earths than on the red or yellow podzolic soils; those on the red earths were intermediate. The intensity of sulphur deficiency increased, and the intensity of molybdenum deficiency decreased, with increasing soil pH.

Zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of zinc supply on distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 989 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
D Plaskett
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of zinc supply on the distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts were examined during the first 55 days of vegetative development of Seaton Park subterranean clover grown in a zinc-deficient soil in a glasshouse. Symptoms of zinc deficiency first appeared in young trifoliate leaves. Zinc deficiency decreased the expansion of blades and petioles, delayed the development of leaves and lateral branches, depressed dry weights of roots and shoots, and increased the proportion of plant dry weight in roots and leaf blades. In each treatment and at each harvest, zinc concentrations varied widely amongst plant parts and with their physiological age. Plant parts also differed widely in the response of their dry matter and zinc concentrations to both zinc treatment and harvest time. It is suggested that these complex relationships explain why plant samples consisting of composite plant parts are not suitable for diagnosis of zinc deficiency. In the present experiment, zinc concentration in whole shoots was unsatisfactory for diagnosing zinc deficiency since concentrations were higher in young, zinc-deficient plants than in older, zinc-adequate plants. In young leaf blades of the same physiological age, zinc concentrations showed reasonably constant relationships with plant growth throughout the entire experiment. However, they varied two- to three-fold in leaves of different ages from the same plants. The results show the importance for diagnosis of zinc deficiency of selecting as a sample a single organ of defined physiological age. The youngest open leaf blade is recommended for diagnosis of zinc deficiency in subterranean clover.

Distribution of zinc and copper in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) grown in culture solutions supplied with graduated amounts of zinc

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Riceman ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stages Of Growth

The distribution of dry weight and of zinc and copper at different stages of growth has been examined in Trifolium subterraneum L. var. Bacchus Marsh grown in culture solutions to which graduated amounts of zinc were added. Several characteristics of the growth of the plants were assessed quantitatively. Symptoms of zinc deficiency developed in cultures which were supplied with suboptimal amounts of zinc.

Effects of early defoliation on the seedling growth of subterranean clover

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 717
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Plant Densities

Two experiments were conducted in an open-sided glass shelter at Perth during winter. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum, L.) seedlings were grown in shallow seed boxes at low plant densities, 2 4 and 2 0 plants/dm2. The effects of a single defoliation involving mainly the removal of cotyledons only, on shoot growth and leaf production were measured at harvest, c. 5 weeks after sowing. Total shoot dry weights were reduced by 15-30% when 40-60% of the leaf area was removed by single defoliations from days 7 to 19 after planting. However, the growth was reduced by almost 70% when both cotyledons were removed (days 7 to 9) before emergence of the unifoliate leaf, i.e. when all of the leaf area was removed. In general, the relative reduction in growth largely depended on the percentage of leaf area removed, rather than on time of removal. Defoliation also reduced the size of trifoliate leaves, and total numbers of trifoliate leaves at harvest. There was a linear relationship between total leaf numbers and shoot dry weights. In the field, these findings are probably of more relevance in terms of insect damage, especially from redlegged earth mites, than for grazing by sheep.

The influence of seed size and seeding rate on the growth of two strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
EH Lawson ◽  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Net Assimilation

The results of a field experiment are presented in which large and small seeds of two strains of subterranean clover, Dwalganup and Mt. Barker, were sown at equal weights of viable seed per unit area. Two seeding rates were examined, and four harvests made during the winter-early spring period. The general conclusion is drawn that seed size has no effect on the growth rate of a subterranean clover sward, provided that sowing rate is held constant. It was found that the earlier strain Dwalganup outyielded the mid-season Mt. Barker strain in terms of total tops weight per unit area, although leaf production was higher in the mid-season strain. Root production, however, was consistently greater in Mt. Barker than in Dwalganup, and in fact total yields (of both tops and roots) were very slightly higher in the Mt. Barker strain. Growth rates are discussed in relation to net assimilation rates and leaf weights, and it is suggested that differences in root weight ratios between subterranean clover strains have not received adequate attention in the past.

The occurrence of sulphur deficiency on a soil of adequate phoshorus status

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Sulphur Deficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Status

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) grown on a basaltic soil from Cooma, N.S.W., responded markedly to treatment with sulphur, as sulphate. The sulphur deficiency occurring on this soil was uncomplicated by deficiencies of other elements, including phosphorus. Even when the sulphur deficiency had been corrected the phosphorus status of the soil was adequate for normal clover growth.

Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). III. Effects of phosphorus supply on the relationship between copper concentrations in plant parts and yield

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The Relationship

The effects of phosphorus supply on the relationship of copper supply with copper concentrations in various plant parts and yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover were examined. Plants were grown in a glasshouse for 40 and 74 days in pots with four levels of potassium phosphate (0, 13, 39, 65 mg phosphorus/pot) and six levels of copper sulfate (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 pg copper/pot) added, in factorial combination, to a sand deficient in both phosphorus and copper. By increasing the phosphorus levels copper deficiency was induced partly by promoting growth and diluting copper concentrations in plants; and also by depressing copper absorption. Increasing phosphorus changed the distribution of copper in plant tops and the shape of curves relating copper concentration in whole plant tops to yield. At 39 mg phosphorus/pot, the relationship at Day 74 had a marked 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curvature, largely as a result of unusually high copper concentrations in the stems plus petioles of severely copper-deficient plants. At 65 mg phosphorus/pot, the relationship had no 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curvature for whole tops and only a relatively small curvature for stems plus petioles. The data suggests that 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curves in subterranean clover result primarily from high concentrations of copper in the stems plus petioles of severely deficient plants. At both harvests, young leaf blades had critical copper concentrations of around 3 �g copper/g at both 39 and 65 mg phosphorus/pot. However, copper-deficient plants with severe phosphorus deficiency did not respond to copper, and generally had copper concentrations below this critical level in all plant parts. The results confirm the value of copper analysis of young leaf blades for diagnosing copper deficiency in subterranean clover with moderately deficient to luxury supplies of phosphorus.

The early vegetative growth of three strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in relation to size of seed

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Early Production

Three strains of subterranean clover (Bacchus Marsh, Clare, and Mount Barker) were grown in pot culture at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute; for each strain, seed of four widely separated sizes mere sown. Dry weight a t any one time in the early vegetative stage was linearly related to embryo weight, but was independent of strain. Hence differences in early growth noted under uniform environmental conditions between strains are the result not of differing relative growth rates, but of differences in the size distribution within the seed populations; evidence is presented suggesting that there may well be little difference in the size distribution of seed of Bacchus Marsh and Mt. Barker, but that Clare contains a higher proportion of large seed, and thus as a strain would be expected to give greater early production. Leaf area per plant was also linearly related to embryo weight but independent of strain; but for a common embryo weight, Clare was found to have fewer leaves than the other two strains. Examination of the areas of successive leaves showed that the maintenance of similar total leaf areas depended on a balance of rate of leaf production and size of individual leaves; in relation to Bacchus Marsh and Mt. Barker, Clare has fewer but large1 leaves.

Effect of cultivar, sowing time, and density on the growth of subterranean clover in winter

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Ru ◽  
J. A. Fortune ◽  
W. D. Bellotti
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sward Height

In winter and early spring in Mediterranean environments, animal production is often limited by the low herbage availability associated with low growth rates and short swards, which result in low intake. In the present study, 26 subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cultivars were evaluated for herbage availability early in the season. There were large variations in dry matter yield (0·3-0·7 g/plant), sward height (2·9-9·3 cm), and leaf area index (1·0-5·1) among cultivars after 70 days of growth, indicating a possibility for selection of cultivars based on these parameters. Increasing plant density from 460 to 4600 plants/m2 increased dry matter yield from 88·5 to 362·8 g/m2 and sward height from 2·6 to 8·3 cm at Day 60. Early sowing increased dry matter yield, sward height, petiole length, leaf number, and leaf size by 13, 6, 32, 10, and 23%, respectively, after 70 days of growth. These results indicate that new pastures should be established early if soil moisture is adequate, and that the time of the season break has an important influence on early growth of pastures and, consequently, on the budgeting of feed in farming practice.

Distribution of recently absorbed zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) determined by adding radioactive zinc to the culture soultion

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 887 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Riceman ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Radioactive Zinc ◽  
High Concentrations

The distribution of zinc recently absorbed as 65Zn into subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L. var. Bacchus Marsh) from culture solutions has been examined by means of radioautographs in normal plants and in plants recovering from a state of zinc deficiency. In normal plants which had been grown initially in cultures containing non-radioactive zinc, the recently absorbed zinc reached high concentrations in the roots, main axis, and youngest leaves but very little of it moved into the older, fully expanded leaves. In plants recovering from the deficiency, on the other hand, the recently absorbed zinc reached high concentrations in all the living organs, including the oldest leaves. Growth of the "little" leaves or other leaves affected by the deficiency was not resumed after the entry of zinc into their tissues. Recovery of the plant depended upon the production of new leaves by the leaf primordia and upon their subsequent growth and emergence.

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