The breed structure and genetic analysis of the pedigree cattle breeds in Australia. III. The Hereford

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Davey ◽  
JSF Barker
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Genetic Contribution ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Effective Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

(i) The structure and genetic history of the pedigree Hereford breed in Australia are analysed by pedigree sampling methods. (ii) The pattern of the breed structure is generally similar to that found in other breeds, but it is extremely dynamic owing to the present rapid expansion of the breed. Changes are taking place in the herd composition of the major breeders' groups and there are many new herds yet to find their level in the structure. (iii) Considerable emphasis has been placed on the use of imported animals in the development of the breed. Of all herds registering in Volume 24 of the herd book, 31.6% used imported sires, and the percentage of genes in the breed in 1949 derived from animals imported since 1880 was 97.7, and from animals imported since 1930, 53.9%. (iv) The most important herd in 1949 made a genetic contribution to the breed of 33.1%, while the contributions of the four next most important herds were 17.4, 10.1, 7.4, and 6.1%. In the four-generation pedigrees from which these figures were derived, the contribution of imported animals was 56.1%. (v) The animal with the highest relationship to the breed was Free Town Director (Imp.), with direct relationships of 5.6 and 9.2% to the 1941 and 1949 samples respectively. Of the 16 sires and one dam whose direct relationships are 3.0% or more in any of the three sample years, 12 sires were imported. (vi) The total inbreeding in 1949 (base year 1880) was 2.6%. This comprised 0.2% current inbreeding, 1.6% long-term inbreeding, and 0.8% strain inbreeding. There was no evidence of subdivision of the breed into separate strains. (vii) The effective generation length has decreased since 1930 to about 5.5 years in the 1949–50 sample. Nearly 50% of the animals in this sample were sired by bulls 4 years old or younger, while about 33% were from dams 4 years old or younger. (viii) Bulls from major breeders' herds are used widely throughout the breed, while about 90% of sires and 45% of dams were bred in herds other than the one in which they were used. Therefore, it is unlikely that there is much genetic variation between herds.

The breed structure and genetic analysis of the pedigree cattle breeds in Australia. II. The Poll Hereford

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
JSF Barker ◽  
GP Davey
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Effective Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
The Relationship

(i) The breed structure and genetic history of the pedigree Poll Hereford breed in Australia are analysed by pedigree sampling methods. (ii) The basic pattern of the breed structure is similar to that found in other studies, but it is both diffuse and dynamic owing to the present rapid expansion of the breed. There are a number of herds moving into the major breeders' group and there are many new herds yet to find their level in the structure. (iii) An attempt is made to determine why particular herds become major breeders' herds. It is suggested that the use of imported animals is important, while there is evidence that those herds apparently moving into this group show a higher degree of selective registration of males. The relationship between herd size and importance of the herd is considered. (iv) The breed has developed since 1920 entirely from imported Poll Hereford and from imported and Australian-bred horned (pedigree Hereford) animals. The percentages of genes in the breed in 1949 derived from these animals are 64.3 and 35.7 per cent. respectively. (v) The most important herd in 1949 has a genetic contribution to the breed of 26.9 per cent. However, the genetic contributions of the four next most important herds are only 6.7, 6.1, 5.1, and 4.5 per cent. In the four-generation pedigrees from which these figures are derived, the genetic contributions of imported and horned animals are respectively 56.3 and 36.6 per cent. (vi) The animal with the highest relationship to the breed is Woodrow 1st (imp.), with direct relationships of 2.0 and 9.3 per cent. to the 1937 and 1949 samples respectively. Of the 14 sires and three dams whose direct relationships are 3.0 per cent. or over in either of the two sample years, nine sires and two dams are imported but none is horned. (vii) The degree of inbreeding (base year 1920) is calculated. The total inbreeding in 1949 (1.8 per cent.) comprises 0.8 per cent. current inbreeding, 0.6 per cent. long-term inbreeding, and 0.4 per cent. strain inbreeding. There is no evidence of subdivision of the breed into separate strains. (viii) The effective generation length is approximately 5.5 years. Nearly 50 per cent. of the animals in the 1949-50 sample are sired by bulls 4 years old or younger, while nearly 40 per cent. are from dams 4 years old or younger. (ix) It is not likely that there is much genetic variation between herds. Bulls from major breeders' herds are used widely throughout the breed while about 80 per cent. of sires and 60 per cent. of dams are bred in herds other than the one in which they are used.

The breed structure and genetic analysis of the pedigree cattle breeds in Australia

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
JSF Barker
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Genetic Contribution ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Effective Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Relationship Of

(i) The breed structure and genetic history of the pedigree Jersey breed in Australia are analysed by pedigree sampling methods. (ii) The breed structure may be divided into four levels, with imported animals at the top determining the genetic make-up of the breed. Animals imported since 1900 have made a genetic contribution to the breed in 1950 of 61.8 per cent. At least two substructures exist within the breed, based respectively on the major herds in Queensland and those in the rest of Australia. (iii) The genetic contribution to the breed of the most important of the herds is only 7.0 per cent. (iv) Determination of the percentage direct relationship of important animals in five sample years shows that no one animal has made a major contribution to the genotype of the breed. (v) The degree of inbreeding (base year 1900) is calculated. The total inbreeding in 1950 (4.19 per cent.) comprises 1.31 per cent. current inbreeding, 0.51 per cent. long-term inbreeding, and 2.37 per cent. strain inbreeding. The index of subdivision calculated from the non-current and long-term inbreeding is 5.65, indicating that the breed is subdivided into strains. (vi) The effective generation length for each of the pedigree breeds – Jersey, Australian Illawarra Shorthorn, Friesian, Ayrshire, and Guernsey – in Australia is 5 years. Most bulls are used when they are 1-3 years old, and are then lost to the pedigree industry. It is shown that the bull requirements of the above breeds could be met by the progeny of performance-recorded animals. Whether this would increase the rate of genetic improvement is discussed briefly. (vii) Genetic improvement in the Jersey breed could best be achieved by: ( a ) stopping further importation; ( b ) closing the breed in each environment and concentrating selection within these regions to develop strains adapted to each particular environment; ( c ) selecting on production records rather than using genetically unknown sires and dams, particularly in the major breeders' herds.

The breed structure and genetic analysis of the pedigree Sahiwal breed in Australia

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
ND Herron
Keyword(s):  
Development Stage ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Effective Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Special Case

The breed structure and genetic history of the pedigree Sahiwal breed in Australia were analysed from registration data from the Society's Herd Book. It is stressed that the study is a special case—a new breed founded on 10 imported animals, numerically small, and still in its development stage. The breed structure was divided into four levels, with 10 imported animals at the top determining the genetic make-up of the breed. The genetic contribution of imported animals to the breed was 73.5%. Determination of the percentage direct relationship of important animals showed that several animals made a major contribution to the genotype of the breed. The maximum contribution of any one animal was 36.2%. Total inbreeding in 1974 was 21.2%. This comprised 5.6% current inbreeding, 8.3% long-term inbreeding and 7.3% strain inbreeding. The index of subdivision calculated from non-current and long-term inbreeding was 1.88, which indicated that there was little effective subdivision of the breed into separate strains. The effective generation length was 6 years. There was no selective registration of either sex.

Fast fashion goes global

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Fast Fashion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Driving ◽  
First Mover Advantage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
A Company

Purpose – To trace the development of the Benetton Group and describe the causes and consequences of the clothing retailer’s transition from a market-driving to a market-driven strategy. Design/methodology/approach – Presents a history of the company from its beginnings in the 1960s, listing the innovations it adopted to support rapid expansion. Describes the emergence of “fast fashion” retailers such as Zara during the 1990s and explains how and why Benetton subsequently changed its strategy. Findings – It all started with a yellow jumper. Back in the 1960s, Italian men typically wore dark-colored sweaters under a jacket. So when his friends asked if they could have a brightly colored jumper like the one his sister made for his son, Gilberto Benetton realized that they had a different value proposition from traditional companies – and the start of a business. Soon Benetton had a company producing sweaters for local independent retailers in Italy. Plans for expansion brought further innovations that were new to the clothing market of the time. Practical implications – Draws attention to the value of first-mover advantage and the need to align competitive strategy with current market conditions. Social implications – Highlights the value of Benetton’s emphasis on developing long-term relationships based on trust with suppliers and retailers. Originality/value – Questions the value of a market-driving strategy as the basis for sustaining long-term financial performance.

scholarly journals Impact of atrial fibrillation pattern on outcomes after left atrial appendage closure: lessons from the prospective LAARGE registry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinwan Kany ◽  
Johannes Brachmann ◽  
Thorsten Lewalter ◽  
Ibrahim Akin ◽  
Horst Sievert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Left Atrial Appendage ◽  
Systemic Embolism ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Abstract Background Non-paroxysmal (NPAF) forms of atrial fibrillation (AF) have been reported to be associated with an increased risk for systemic embolism or death. Methods Comparison of procedural details and long-term outcomes in patients (pts) with paroxysmal AF (PAF) against controls with NPAF in the prospective, multicentre observational registry of patients undergoing LAAC (LAARGE). Results A total of 638 pts (PAF 274 pts, NPAF 364 pts) were enrolled. In both groups, a history of PVI was rare (4.0% vs 1.6%, p = 0.066). The total CHA2DS2-VASc score was lower in the PAF group (4.4 ± 1.5 vs 4.6 ± 1.5, p = 0.033), while HAS-BLED score (3.8 ± 1.1 vs 3.9 ± 1.1, p = 0.40) was comparable. The rate of successful implantation was equally high (97.4% vs 97.8%, p = 0.77). In the three-month echo follow-up, LA thrombi (2.1% vs 7.3%, p = 0.12) and peridevice leak > 5 mm (0.0% vs 7.1%, p = 0.53) were numerically higher in the NPAF group. Overall, in-hospital complications occurred in 15.0% of the PAF cohort and 10.7% of the NPAF cohort (p = 0.12). In the one-year follow-up, unadjusted mortality (8.4% vs 14.0%, p = 0.039) and combined outcome of death, stroke and systemic embolism (8.8% vs 15.1%, p = 0.022) were significantly higher in the NPAF cohort. After adjusting for CHA2DS2-VASc and previous bleeding, NPAF was associated with increased death/stroke/systemic embolism (HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.02–2.72, p = 0.041). Conclusion Atrial fibrillation type did not impair periprocedural safety or in-hospital MACE patients undergoing LAAC. However, after one year, NPAF was associated with higher mortality. Graphic abstract

Genetic variation in allozymes of western larch

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Fins ◽  
Lisa W. Seeb
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Glacial History ◽  
Geographic Proximity ◽  
Electrophoretic Variation ◽  
Inland Empire ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
History Of

Seed samples from 19 stands of Larixoccidentalis Nutt. were analyzed for electrophoretic variation at 23 loci. Because sample sizes consisted of only 9 or 10 trees per stand (18–20 alleles per locus per stand), samples were grouped by geographic proximity into four larger samples. For all measures of variation, this species scored lower than most, but within the range observed for other western conifers. Most of the variation was found within rather than between the population groups. The single southern sample appeared to be genetically distinct from the others. Although some variation was observed between individual stand samples in expected heterozygosity, the consistently low values for all samples suggest that genetic drift has played a major role in the genetic history of the species in the Inland Empire, both through its glacial history in postulated refugia and through fire history in recent times.

scholarly journals Memory and Alterity in Zar: Religious Contact and Change in the Sudan

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Ninteenth Century ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

Drawing on long-term ethnographic research in the Blue Nile town of Sennar, supported by archival and historical documentation, this article explores the history of Zar spirit possession in Sudan, and the light this throws on the interplay of religions over the past 150 years. Life history data supports the argument that contemporary Zar is grounded in forms and rituals derived from the ranks of the ninteenth-century Ottoman army, and these remain the basis of ritual events, even as they accommodate ongoing changes in this part of Africa. Many of these changes are linked to the dynamic interplay of Zar with forms of Islam, on the one hand, and Christianity, on the other. In the former colonial periods, political power resided with the British, and Khawaja (European) Christian Zar spirits are remembered as far more important. Today that authority in Zar has shifted to spirits of foreign Muslims and local holy men, on the one hand, and to subaltern Blacks, on the other. These speak to concerns of new generations of adepts even as changes in the larger political and religious landscapes continue to transform the context of Zar.

Pedigree Dorset Horn sheep in Australia. 2. Breed structure and genetic analysis

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (91) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
NM Fogarty
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Genetic Contribution ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
The Third ◽  
Breed Improvement ◽  
High Level ◽  
Relationship Of

Flock Books were used to determine the breed structure of pedigree Dorset Horn sheep in Australia. Four-generation ram sample pedigrees were used to determine important flocks in 1954, 1969 and 1974. Two-line ram sample pedigrees traced to foundation or imported animals were used to determine important animals and the level of inbreeding and its components in the same years. A hierarchical breed structure was found to exist. Only 15 to 18 per cent of flocks were Breeders' Flocks, i.e. supplied rams to other pedigree flocks, and only one-third of these supplied rams to other Breeders' Flocks. The effective number of flocks supplying sires in the third and fourth generations was two to three in 1954 and four to five in 1974 and 1969. One flock, Newbold, had a genetic contribution of over 40 per cent in 1954. Two flocks had a genetic contribution of over 20 per cent each, with five flocks having a combined genetic contribution of over 62 per cent in 1974. Total inbreeding was 12.5 per cent and increased by 1.5 per cent per generation in the five years to 1974. Current inbreeding was 1.85 per cent in 1974 with 5.0 per cent of matings being parent-offspring and 3.7 per cent paternal half-sib. Expected long-term inbreeding (7.9 per cent) was the major component, which was caused by few animals being used extensively in the development of the breed. One sire had a direct relationship of 30 per cent to rams registered in 1974. Implications of the high level of inbreeding are discussed as well as development of breed improvement schom3s within the existing breed structure.

scholarly journals Boris Valkh and the development of zoology and museology in the East of Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Ancient Maps ◽  
Made In

The details of biography and scientific works of Boris Valkh (1876–1942), one of the leading zoologists who worked in eastern Ukraine in the first half of the 20th century, were analysed. Boris Valkh worked at the interface of zoology, plant protection, and epidemiology and he was a leading specialist in controlling the abundance of economically important groups of rodents and insects (plant protection stations) and an epidemiologist (studying zoonoses). At the same time, he was a nature protector, one of the key organizers of nature reserves in the southeast of Ukraine (Kamiani Mohyly, Bilosaraiska Kosa). The main attention in this review is paid to Valkh's research into zoology (ornithology, entomology, and theriology), and his work upon creation of zoological collections, including the one in the Bakhmut Museum of Local Lore, which was organized with his participation. All of these developments made by the scientist are considered along with details of his biography analysed using family archives and by conversations with Valkh’s descendents, including his grandson Boris Valkh, granddaughter Olympiada Gryshchenko, and great-grandson Sergei Valkh. Significant clarifications and important additions to the biography of Boris Valkh have been made, in particular regarding his education (once in Pavlohrad Gymnasium and twice in Kharkiv University), wife and children, as well as his long-term trips to Turkestan and Azerbaijan. The location of "Hory-Mohyly hamlet", from which most of the zoological samples collected by the Valkhs are derived, is clarified and determined as the same place that was marked on ancient maps as "Horemohylove" The history of the species Mus sergii described by Boris Valkh and its type locality were analysed. The information about the history of accumulation and further fate of his and his son Sergey’s zoological collections including mammal specimens from Hory-Mohyly is summarized. Unique original photographs from the family archives have been used, for most of which the dates and places of taking were determined. Pictures of collections and original zoological labels are also presented.

scholarly journals The Eternal Peasant and the Timeless Village. Archaeology and Ideologies of the Past

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-73
Author(s):  
Rainer Schreg
Keyword(s):  
Rural Life ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Rural History ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
The One

The perspectives on the medieval village and on the historical role of peasants have changed throughout the history of research. Traditional views on history saw rural life as unchangeable and therefore presumed that villages were rooted in the migration period. Modern research recognised the formation of the medieval village as a complex long-term process that, depending on the region, culminated in the 11th – 13th century. This paper takes a closer look at the situation in southwestern Germany, analysing research history on the one hand and selected episodes of medieval rural history on the other. The paper suggests that due to traditional views on the structure of history, peasants’ agency has been undervalued.  

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