The breed structure and genetic analysis of the pedigree cattle breeds in Australia. II. The Poll Hereford

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
JSF Barker ◽  
GP Davey
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Effective Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
The Relationship

(i) The breed structure and genetic history of the pedigree Poll Hereford breed in Australia are analysed by pedigree sampling methods. (ii) The basic pattern of the breed structure is similar to that found in other studies, but it is both diffuse and dynamic owing to the present rapid expansion of the breed. There are a number of herds moving into the major breeders' group and there are many new herds yet to find their level in the structure. (iii) An attempt is made to determine why particular herds become major breeders' herds. It is suggested that the use of imported animals is important, while there is evidence that those herds apparently moving into this group show a higher degree of selective registration of males. The relationship between herd size and importance of the herd is considered. (iv) The breed has developed since 1920 entirely from imported Poll Hereford and from imported and Australian-bred horned (pedigree Hereford) animals. The percentages of genes in the breed in 1949 derived from these animals are 64.3 and 35.7 per cent. respectively. (v) The most important herd in 1949 has a genetic contribution to the breed of 26.9 per cent. However, the genetic contributions of the four next most important herds are only 6.7, 6.1, 5.1, and 4.5 per cent. In the four-generation pedigrees from which these figures are derived, the genetic contributions of imported and horned animals are respectively 56.3 and 36.6 per cent. (vi) The animal with the highest relationship to the breed is Woodrow 1st (imp.), with direct relationships of 2.0 and 9.3 per cent. to the 1937 and 1949 samples respectively. Of the 14 sires and three dams whose direct relationships are 3.0 per cent. or over in either of the two sample years, nine sires and two dams are imported but none is horned. (vii) The degree of inbreeding (base year 1920) is calculated. The total inbreeding in 1949 (1.8 per cent.) comprises 0.8 per cent. current inbreeding, 0.6 per cent. long-term inbreeding, and 0.4 per cent. strain inbreeding. There is no evidence of subdivision of the breed into separate strains. (viii) The effective generation length is approximately 5.5 years. Nearly 50 per cent. of the animals in the 1949-50 sample are sired by bulls 4 years old or younger, while nearly 40 per cent. are from dams 4 years old or younger. (ix) It is not likely that there is much genetic variation between herds. Bulls from major breeders' herds are used widely throughout the breed while about 80 per cent. of sires and 60 per cent. of dams are bred in herds other than the one in which they are used.

The breed structure and genetic analysis of the pedigree cattle breeds in Australia. III. The Hereford

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Davey ◽  
JSF Barker
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Genetic Contribution ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Effective Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

(i) The structure and genetic history of the pedigree Hereford breed in Australia are analysed by pedigree sampling methods. (ii) The pattern of the breed structure is generally similar to that found in other breeds, but it is extremely dynamic owing to the present rapid expansion of the breed. Changes are taking place in the herd composition of the major breeders' groups and there are many new herds yet to find their level in the structure. (iii) Considerable emphasis has been placed on the use of imported animals in the development of the breed. Of all herds registering in Volume 24 of the herd book, 31.6% used imported sires, and the percentage of genes in the breed in 1949 derived from animals imported since 1880 was 97.7, and from animals imported since 1930, 53.9%. (iv) The most important herd in 1949 made a genetic contribution to the breed of 33.1%, while the contributions of the four next most important herds were 17.4, 10.1, 7.4, and 6.1%. In the four-generation pedigrees from which these figures were derived, the contribution of imported animals was 56.1%. (v) The animal with the highest relationship to the breed was Free Town Director (Imp.), with direct relationships of 5.6 and 9.2% to the 1941 and 1949 samples respectively. Of the 16 sires and one dam whose direct relationships are 3.0% or more in any of the three sample years, 12 sires were imported. (vi) The total inbreeding in 1949 (base year 1880) was 2.6%. This comprised 0.2% current inbreeding, 1.6% long-term inbreeding, and 0.8% strain inbreeding. There was no evidence of subdivision of the breed into separate strains. (vii) The effective generation length has decreased since 1930 to about 5.5 years in the 1949–50 sample. Nearly 50% of the animals in this sample were sired by bulls 4 years old or younger, while about 33% were from dams 4 years old or younger. (viii) Bulls from major breeders' herds are used widely throughout the breed, while about 90% of sires and 45% of dams were bred in herds other than the one in which they were used. Therefore, it is unlikely that there is much genetic variation between herds.

The breed structure and genetic analysis of the pedigree cattle breeds in Australia

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
JSF Barker
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Genetic Contribution ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Effective Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Relationship Of

(i) The breed structure and genetic history of the pedigree Jersey breed in Australia are analysed by pedigree sampling methods. (ii) The breed structure may be divided into four levels, with imported animals at the top determining the genetic make-up of the breed. Animals imported since 1900 have made a genetic contribution to the breed in 1950 of 61.8 per cent. At least two substructures exist within the breed, based respectively on the major herds in Queensland and those in the rest of Australia. (iii) The genetic contribution to the breed of the most important of the herds is only 7.0 per cent. (iv) Determination of the percentage direct relationship of important animals in five sample years shows that no one animal has made a major contribution to the genotype of the breed. (v) The degree of inbreeding (base year 1900) is calculated. The total inbreeding in 1950 (4.19 per cent.) comprises 1.31 per cent. current inbreeding, 0.51 per cent. long-term inbreeding, and 2.37 per cent. strain inbreeding. The index of subdivision calculated from the non-current and long-term inbreeding is 5.65, indicating that the breed is subdivided into strains. (vi) The effective generation length for each of the pedigree breeds – Jersey, Australian Illawarra Shorthorn, Friesian, Ayrshire, and Guernsey – in Australia is 5 years. Most bulls are used when they are 1-3 years old, and are then lost to the pedigree industry. It is shown that the bull requirements of the above breeds could be met by the progeny of performance-recorded animals. Whether this would increase the rate of genetic improvement is discussed briefly. (vii) Genetic improvement in the Jersey breed could best be achieved by: ( a ) stopping further importation; ( b ) closing the breed in each environment and concentrating selection within these regions to develop strains adapted to each particular environment; ( c ) selecting on production records rather than using genetically unknown sires and dams, particularly in the major breeders' herds.

Predicting inbreeding using markers and long-term genetic contributions

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 58-58
Author(s):  
J. Hernandez-Sanchez ◽  
C. S. Haley ◽  
J. A. Woolliams
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Chromosomal Location ◽  
Model Population ◽  
Identical By Descent ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Marker Information

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) are chromosomal regions containing genes causing variation in continuous traits. Two alleles are Identical-By-Descent (IBD) if they are copies of the same original allele. For each point on a chromosome, it is possible to predict IBD probabilities among individuals given a pedigree and marker information and use them to map QTLs in farmed species. Pedigree founders can either be assumed unrelated (George et al. 2000) or related through distant common ancestors (Meuwissen and Goddard 2000). The relationship among founders was estimated through simulating the history of a model population. Linking the current population with original ancestors, without a pedigree, is central to the theory of long-term genetic contributions (Bijma 2000). Hence, in the light of this theory, it should be possible to deterministically predict IBD relationships among pedigree founders. A first step towards this objective was predicting inbreeding (F) within each animal at a chromosomal location.

The breed structure and genetic analysis of the pedigree Sahiwal breed in Australia

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
ND Herron
Keyword(s):  
Development Stage ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Effective Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Special Case

The breed structure and genetic history of the pedigree Sahiwal breed in Australia were analysed from registration data from the Society's Herd Book. It is stressed that the study is a special case—a new breed founded on 10 imported animals, numerically small, and still in its development stage. The breed structure was divided into four levels, with 10 imported animals at the top determining the genetic make-up of the breed. The genetic contribution of imported animals to the breed was 73.5%. Determination of the percentage direct relationship of important animals showed that several animals made a major contribution to the genotype of the breed. The maximum contribution of any one animal was 36.2%. Total inbreeding in 1974 was 21.2%. This comprised 5.6% current inbreeding, 8.3% long-term inbreeding and 7.3% strain inbreeding. The index of subdivision calculated from non-current and long-term inbreeding was 1.88, which indicated that there was little effective subdivision of the breed into separate strains. The effective generation length was 6 years. There was no selective registration of either sex.

Fast fashion goes global

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Fast Fashion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Driving ◽  
First Mover Advantage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
A Company

Purpose – To trace the development of the Benetton Group and describe the causes and consequences of the clothing retailer’s transition from a market-driving to a market-driven strategy. Design/methodology/approach – Presents a history of the company from its beginnings in the 1960s, listing the innovations it adopted to support rapid expansion. Describes the emergence of “fast fashion” retailers such as Zara during the 1990s and explains how and why Benetton subsequently changed its strategy. Findings – It all started with a yellow jumper. Back in the 1960s, Italian men typically wore dark-colored sweaters under a jacket. So when his friends asked if they could have a brightly colored jumper like the one his sister made for his son, Gilberto Benetton realized that they had a different value proposition from traditional companies – and the start of a business. Soon Benetton had a company producing sweaters for local independent retailers in Italy. Plans for expansion brought further innovations that were new to the clothing market of the time. Practical implications – Draws attention to the value of first-mover advantage and the need to align competitive strategy with current market conditions. Social implications – Highlights the value of Benetton’s emphasis on developing long-term relationships based on trust with suppliers and retailers. Originality/value – Questions the value of a market-driving strategy as the basis for sustaining long-term financial performance.

Misreading Egypt

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Schotter
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Narrative Form ◽  
Experimental Film ◽  
Tower Of Babel ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Sergei Eisenstein ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Modern Technologies

The first chapter of Hieroglyphic Modernisms exposes the complex history of Western misconceptions of Egyptian writing from antiquity to the present. Hieroglyphs bridge the gap between modern technologies and the ancient past, looking forward to the rise of new media and backward to the dispersal of languages in the mythical moment of the Tower of Babel. The contradictory ways in which hieroglyphs were interpreted in the West come to shape the differing ways that modernist writers and filmmakers understood the relationship between writing, film, and other new media. On the one hand, poets like Ezra Pound and film theorists like Vachel Lindsay and Sergei Eisenstein use the visual languages of China and of Egypt as a more primal or direct alternative to written words. But Freud, Proust, and the later Eisenstein conversely emphasize the phonetic qualities of Egyptian writing, its similarity to alphabetical scripts. The chapter concludes by arguing that even avant-garde invocations of hieroglyphics depend on narrative form through an examination of Hollis Frampton’s experimental film Zorns Lemma.

Northeast India as an Indigenous Centre for the Domestication of Plants and Animals

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjil Hazarika
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Indian Culture ◽  
Rice Agriculture ◽  
Animal Domestication ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Diverse Cultures

Northeast India is situated at the nexus of the South Asian, Southeast Asian, and East Asian biogeographical realms and harbours diverse biota, providing a unique opportunity to archaeologists and anthropologists for the study of the relationship between humans and their environment over the ages. Moreover, this region, the abode of diverse ethnic groups with diverse cultures and customs, hints at a long history of continuous and close association between humans and nature, which is important in the understanding of plant and animal domestication. Genetic analysis of present-day domesticates with their wild counterparts provides valuable insights into their differentiation, time of domestication, and changes in their morphological traits through control by humans. The chapter also elucidates the role played by rice in Northeast Indian culture and highlights the long-term history of rice agriculture in the region.

scholarly journals Impact of atrial fibrillation pattern on outcomes after left atrial appendage closure: lessons from the prospective LAARGE registry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinwan Kany ◽  
Johannes Brachmann ◽  
Thorsten Lewalter ◽  
Ibrahim Akin ◽  
Horst Sievert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Left Atrial Appendage ◽  
Systemic Embolism ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Abstract Background Non-paroxysmal (NPAF) forms of atrial fibrillation (AF) have been reported to be associated with an increased risk for systemic embolism or death. Methods Comparison of procedural details and long-term outcomes in patients (pts) with paroxysmal AF (PAF) against controls with NPAF in the prospective, multicentre observational registry of patients undergoing LAAC (LAARGE). Results A total of 638 pts (PAF 274 pts, NPAF 364 pts) were enrolled. In both groups, a history of PVI was rare (4.0% vs 1.6%, p = 0.066). The total CHA2DS2-VASc score was lower in the PAF group (4.4 ± 1.5 vs 4.6 ± 1.5, p = 0.033), while HAS-BLED score (3.8 ± 1.1 vs 3.9 ± 1.1, p = 0.40) was comparable. The rate of successful implantation was equally high (97.4% vs 97.8%, p = 0.77). In the three-month echo follow-up, LA thrombi (2.1% vs 7.3%, p = 0.12) and peridevice leak > 5 mm (0.0% vs 7.1%, p = 0.53) were numerically higher in the NPAF group. Overall, in-hospital complications occurred in 15.0% of the PAF cohort and 10.7% of the NPAF cohort (p = 0.12). In the one-year follow-up, unadjusted mortality (8.4% vs 14.0%, p = 0.039) and combined outcome of death, stroke and systemic embolism (8.8% vs 15.1%, p = 0.022) were significantly higher in the NPAF cohort. After adjusting for CHA2DS2-VASc and previous bleeding, NPAF was associated with increased death/stroke/systemic embolism (HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.02–2.72, p = 0.041). Conclusion Atrial fibrillation type did not impair periprocedural safety or in-hospital MACE patients undergoing LAAC. However, after one year, NPAF was associated with higher mortality. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals Predicting Rates of Inbreeding in Populations Undergoing Selection

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 154 (4) ◽  
pp. 1851-1864 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A Woolliams ◽  
Piter Bijma
Keyword(s):  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Correction Term ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Nonrandom Mating ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractTractable forms of predicting rates of inbreeding (ΔF) in selected populations with general indices, nonrandom mating, and overlapping generations were developed, with the principal results assuming a period of equilibrium in the selection process. An existing theorem concerning the relationship between squared long-term genetic contributions and rates of inbreeding was extended to nonrandom mating and to overlapping generations. ΔF was shown to be ~¼(1 − ω) times the expected sum of squared lifetime contributions, where ω is the deviation from Hardy-Weinberg proportions. This relationship cannot be used for prediction since it is based upon observed quantities. Therefore, the relationship was further developed to express ΔF in terms of expected long-term contributions that are conditional on a set of selective advantages that relate the selection processes in two consecutive generations and are predictable quantities. With random mating, if selected family sizes are assumed to be independent Poisson variables then the expected long-term contribution could be substituted for the observed, providing ¼ (since ω = 0) was increased to ½. Established theory was used to provide a correction term to account for deviations from the Poisson assumptions. The equations were successfully applied, using simple linear models, to the problem of predicting ΔF with sib indices in discrete generations since previously published solutions had proved complex.

A Constitution for a Nonstate

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-58
Author(s):  
Emilio Dabed
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Constitutional Regime ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Law Making

This article sheds new light on the political history of legal-constitutional developments in Palestine in the fourteen years following the Oslo Accord. It examines the relationship between the unfolding social, political, and economic context in which they arose, on the one hand, and PA law-making and legal praxis, on the other. Focusing on the evolution of the Palestinian Basic Law and constitutional regime, the author argues that the “Palestinian constitutional process” was a major “battlefield” for the actors of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Thus, changes in the actors' political strategies at various junctures were mirrored in legal-constitutional forms, specifically in the political structure of the PA. In that sense, the constitutional order can be understood as a sort of “metaphoric representation” of Palestinian politics, reflecting, among other things, the colonial nature of the Palestinian context that the Oslo process only rearticulated. This perspective is also essential for understanding the evolution of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict after Oslo.

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