Variation between apple fruits and its relation to keeping quality. II. Between-tree variations due to cropping factors.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Martin
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Ground Colour ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Starch Conversion

Storage trials and chemical tests of fruit from individual trees of plots of apple varieties Cox and Cleopatra were made. Samples from each tree were picked on the same dates each year and treated in three ways: composite samples from 100 fruits of separate zones within the fruit were examined for acid and soluble solids content; samples of 25 fruits, at progressive stages of maturity, were examined for pressure, ground colour, starch conversion, total acid, and soluble solids of the mid-cortex region; and samples of 200 fruits were stored at 32-340°F for 10 weeks followed by 3 weeks at room temperature. The mean fruit size and total number of fruits per tree were found and from the latter over a 10-year period a crop index was developed. The data were given statistical treatment. Results from samples picked at successive maturities from light-crop and heavy-crop trees showed that up to a late stage of maturity light-crop fruit had a larger diameter, higher acidity, earlier colour change, and later starch conversion than heavy-crop fruit; the level of soluble solids in light-crop fruit was lower in the earlier stages of maturation, but rose faster and might eventually become higher than in heavy-crop fruit. This relationship was called the simple crop pattern, and though there were differences between the different zones within a fruit, these differences remained constant during maturation. Respiration per unit fresh weight was the same for different crop levels. Results from samples picked at a standard date in several years from trees having a range of cropping levels in each year gave measures of the variables, number of fruits per tree, crop index, mean diameter, acid, soluble solids, starch conversion, pressure, colour change, and incidence of the disorders pit and breakdown. The intercorrelation of these variables in each year and the partial correlation holding mean diameter constant between trees were examined. There was a correlation of all variables (except soluble-solids level) which had the same sign consistently in all years and there was evidence that in the changes of maturation at least three groups of processes followed independent courses: acid-starch-pressure, colour change, and soluble solids. The highest correlation of the disorder pit was with mean diameter and if there was another factor in addition, the most consistent seemed to be acid. The correlation of the disorder breakdown with diameter was extremely high and there was no advantage in choosing any of the other measures to increase the value of mean diameter alone as a measure of breakdown liability. The mean fruit diameter per tree is by far the best index of the physiological behaviour of the fruit from it, being more reliable than any measure of crop in terms of numbers or any of the common chemical or physical changes associated with ripening. An explanation for this relation is suggested in terms of the mean cell size per fruit and respiration per unit protein. There was a physiological interaction between pit and breakdown, each tending to suppress the other, which emphasized the importance of a respiratory phase in the development of pit.

Variation between apple fruits and its relation to keeping quality. III. Between-season variation in relation to seasonal climate.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 392 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Martin
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Size Factor ◽  
Ground Colour ◽  
Seasonal Climate ◽  
Starch Conversion

Studies were made of seasonal effects on ripening changes and disorder incidence in different varieties of apples in Tasmania for the 10-year period, 1933-1943. Most of the changes associated with ripening, namely, ground colour change, acid loss, starch conversion, soluble solids accumulation, softening, and respiration rise did not necessarily keep pace with each other and responded differently to seasonal variation, but there appeared to be a constant relation between firmness and acid level. In the final analysis, seasonal variation in the level of disorders was mainly related to differences in mean fruit size and when the size factor was held constant between seasons the differences remaining were relatively small. In the case of pit, some of these remaining differences could be accounted for by differences in relative maturity but in the case of breakdown, relative incidence between seasons was not related to relative maturity. There was an association of early blossoming with low incidence of pit and breakdown independent of later differences in seasonal climate. The results support the theory that low temperatures in the months prior to harvest increased susceptibility to breakdown.

FUNGICIDAL CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS CINEREA ON FOUR STRAWBERRY VARIETIES

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
C. O. Gourley
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Rate

Captan, dichlofluanid at a high and a low rate, thiram, and a mixture of captan and thiram were tested in a field trial to control gray mold fruit rot caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. on the strawberry varieties Gorella, Midway, Redcoat and Sparkle. The mean marketable yield of the varieties was increased by dichlofluanid (low) and thiram but not by the other treatments over that of non-sprayed plots. Dichlofluanid (high) gave better control of pre-harvest fruit rot than captan. Dichlofluanid (high) significantly reduced mean fruit size. Redcoat yields were higher with the low rate than the high rate of dichlofluanid, but pre-harvest fruit rot control and fruit size did not differ with the two rates. Gorella yields and fruit size were smaller with captan + thiram than with captan or thiram. Thiram reduced fruit size on Midway. The varietal reaction to fungicides suggests that marketable yield is the most important variable in selecting a fungicide for the control of gray mold fruit rot of strawberries.

scholarly journals 370 GRAPEFRUIT QUALITY IMPORTED INTO THE NETHERLANDS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 484b-484
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Risse ◽  
Anton J. Bongers
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Total Soluble Solids

Size 56 grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) were sampled biweekly from importers Rotterdam, the Netherlands from October 1992 through September 1993. For each sample, fruit size, weight, diameter, peel thickness, internal color, juice volume, total soluble solids (TSS), and total acid (TA) were measured for three cultivars `Marsh White', `Ruby Red' and `Star Ruby' from 12 countries of origin. Florida fruit followed by Cuban fruit weighed more, had the thinnest peel, the most juice, the lowest TA, and the highest TSS/TA ratio for all three cultivars compared to most other origins. Spanish `Ruby Red' and `Star Ruby' fruit weighed the least and had the least amount of juice compared to other origins. Turkish fruit had the highest TA and the lowest TSS/TA ratio for all three cultivars. Israelian `Marsh White' and `Star Ruby' had the highest TSS.

Maturity and Fecundity of Walleyes from the Eastern and Western Basins of Lake Erie

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1877-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Wolfert
Keyword(s):  
Lake Erie ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Basin ◽  
Eastern Basin ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Egg Diameter ◽  
Accurate Indicator

Of 2427 walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill)) examined from Lake Erie in 1964–66, no females were mature at ages below III and all were mature at age V. All male walleyes from the eastern basin were mature at age II, and those from the western basin at age III. Females from the western basin matured at a shorter length and a younger age than those from the eastern basin. Males from the western basin, on the other hand, matured at a longer length and greater age than those from the eastern basin.Egg production, which was estimated for 60 walleyes from the eastern basin and 78 from the western basin, ranged from 48,000 to 614,000. The number of eggs increased rapidly with increase in total length, but the relation between fecundity and weight was almost linear. Walleyes from the western basin were much more fecund for any given length, weight, or age than those from the eastern basin. Weight was the most accurate indicator of fecundity. The mean diameter of eggs from 32 ripe walleyes was 1.72 mm. Little relation existed between egg diameter and length or age of fish.

scholarly journals Fertilization and development of bovine oocytes grown in female SCID mice

Zygote ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoichiro Senbon ◽  
Kyosuke Ishii ◽  
Yoshiyuki Fukumi ◽  
Takashi Miyano
Keyword(s):  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Scid Mice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Bovine Spermatozoa ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Bovine Oocytes

We previously reported that xenografted bovine secondary follicles developed to the antral stage in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. In the present study, bovine secondary follicles 100–240 μm in diameter were xenografted under the kidney capsules of female SCID mice for 6 and 8 weeks, and we examined the oocytes' fertilization and developmental abilities. Bovine follicles developed with prolongation of grafting and became significantly larger than those before grafting. Injection of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) into host mice made some surviving follicles develop larger than the other follicles. Furthermore, bovine oocytes grew in the follicles, and the mean diameter of the oocytes was 100 μm or more at 6 and 8 weeks of transplantation. Bovine oocytes that had grown in eCG-stimulated SCID mice 8 weeks after grafting were subjected to maturation culture. Some of the oocytes that had grown to 110 μm or more matured to the second metaphase (7% of oocytes 110–119 μm and 44% of those >120 μm). When the oocytes were inseminated with bovine spermatozoa, 15% (6/39) formed a female and a male pronucleus, and 2 days after insemination 24% (18/75) of oocytes cleaved and 2% (2/75) developed to the 5- to 8-cell stage. However, no embryo reached the blastocyst stage. These results indicate that bovine oocytes grown in SCID mice could be fertilized but acquired insufficient competence for embryonic development in the present conditions.

Variation between apple fruits and its relation to keeping quality. 1. Within-tree variation.

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Martin
Keyword(s):  
Size Range ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Keeping Quality ◽  
Negative Skewness ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Starch Conversion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Apple Fruits ◽  
Storage Disorders

Variation within trees of diameter, colour, firmness, starch conversion, total acid, and soluble solids of fruit was examined for branches of different aspect for four varieties of apples and at different stages of maturity for one of them. Incidence of the storage disorders pit and breakdown in Cox Jonathan spot and deep scald in Jonathan, and pit in Cleopatra and Sturmer was examined in quarter-inch size groups within trees. The data revealed that the frequency distribution of all variables except starch conversion were of the unimodal, symmetric, or slightly skew type. Starch conversion showed strong positive skewness at low values and strong negative skewness at high values, which is characteristic of variables which have defined limits. As fruit matured, variability increased, except for starch conversion, which decreased. For three varieties, but not for a fourth, the pattern of correlation between variables within branches resembled the pattern obtained by correlating the variables at different stages of maturity of fruit from one source, but heterogeneity between branches weakened the correlation for the tree as a whole. The pattern of means in relation to aspect was not necessarily the same for two adjacent trees or for the same tree at different maturities, indicating that aspect as such was not the cause of heterogeneity within a tree but that the branches behaved as organic units. Size was correlated within a tree with incidence of the disorders pit and breakdown, but while the relationship appeared to be linear over the restricted size range there was no justification for extrapolating this relationship. There was evidence of between-branch variation in disorder incidence.

scholarly journals Reliable Physical Parameters for Determining Fruit/Seed Maturity Timing of Ficus semicordata Buch. in Kumaun Region of Central Himalaya

2020 ◽  
pp. 176-185
Author(s):  
Jyotsna Jyotsna ◽  
Ashish Tewar ◽  
Shruti Shah Shruti Shah ◽  
Krishna Kumar Tamta
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Region Growing ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Central Himalaya ◽  
Edible Plants ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
The Mean

Wild edible plants play an important role as food supplements during scarcity for local inhabitants. Ficus semicordata is commonly known as drooping fig. Plant parts are used for medicinal purposes. It is a common agroforestry tree in the Himalayan region growing from 750 to 1500 m elevation. The present study was carried out to assess the exact time of seed and fruit maturation and germination of F. semicordata in Nainital district of Kumaun Himalaya across 3 sites during two consecutive years 2017 and 2018. Fruit of F. semicordata were collected from the marked trees from all the sites till the availability of the fruits. Across all the sites the mean fruit size varied between 190.24 ± 0.46 and 395.14 ±3.56.14 mm² in Yr-1 and 135.56 ±3.69 to 516.86 ±1.26 mm² in Yr-2. Across both the sites the colour change from green to pinkish brown appears as one of the indicator of maturity. In addition to the colour fruit moisture content between 50.25±0.58% and 62.73±2.30% coincided with maximum germination (48.0±0.06% and 85± 4.61%).

scholarly journals Comparative Effects of NaCl and CaCl2 Salinity on Cucumber Grown in a Closed Hydroponic System

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidanka Trajkova ◽  
Nicolas Papadantonakis ◽  
Dimitrios Savvas
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Nacl Salinity ◽  
Equivalent Basis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Experimental Treatments

The objective of this study was to discriminate among Na, Cl, and Ca salinity effects on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Cucumber plants grown in perlite were exposed for 134 days to low and moderate levels of salinity induced by the addition of either NaCl or CaCl2 at equal rates (on a chemical equivalent basis) to a standard nutrient solution for cucumber up to two target electrical conductivity (EC) levels (3.0 and 5.0 dS·m–1). The experimental treatments included also a control, which was irrigated with the standard nutrient solution without additional salt. The mean EC values in the drainage solution were 2.35, 3.94, 4.2, 6.31, and 6.35 dS·m–1 for the control, low NaCl, low CaCl2, high NaCl, and high CaCl2 treatments, respectively. The fresh and dry weights of stems and leaves were reduced only under conditions of high NaCl salinity, whereas root mass was not affected. Fruit yield decreased in proportion to the increase in NaCl salinity, while CaCl2 salinity reduced yield only at the high EC, to a level that corresponded to the low NaCl salinity. The suppression of yield with increasing salinity resulted mainly from a decrease in fruit size, while the number of fruit per plant was reduced to a lesser extent. These changes caused a reduction in the number of Class I fruit and an increase in nonmarketable produce. Both salinity sources enhanced the total soluble solids and the fruit chlorophyll concentration. NaCl salinity appreciably raised the concentrations of Na and Cl in young and old leaves, and suppressed the K concentration. CaCl2 salinity increased leaf Cl and Ca levels and diminished Mg and K. It is concluded that cucumber is more susceptible to NaCl salinity than to equal EC levels of CaCl2 salinity.

scholarly journals Effect of micronutrients foliar supplementation on the production and eminence of plum (Prunus domestica L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (SP1) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafiullah ◽  
M Tariq ◽  
F Khan ◽  
A.H. Shah ◽  
S Fahad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Prunus Domestica ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Control Application ◽  
Poor Soil

Poor soil fertility due to continuous depletion of micronutrients is a major problem for the production of Prunus domestica L. Low level of soil organic matter and calcareous parent material decrease the bioavailability of these micronutrients to plum plants. Thus, less micronutrients uptake resulted in deterioration of plum fruit quality and decreased yield. On the other hand, balance and correct combination of micronutrients used as a foliar has potential to overcome this problem. Foliar application method provides plants a chance for rapid and easy uptake of micronutrients. Therefore, the present research was carried out to select the best combination of micronu-trients using foliar method. Aim of the study was to select a balanced combination of micronutrients for better production and improved quality of plum (Prunus domestica L., variety Fazal manai) fruit. Seven treatments in three replications were applied. Our results showed that the quality of fruit was significantly improved through the application of T6 micronutrients consortia. A significant increase in total soluble solids (16%), fruit yield per tree (92%) and fruit size (12%) validated the effectiveness of treatment T6 (Zn + Cu + Fe + Mn + B = 0.5% + 0.2% + 0.5% + 0.5% + 0.1%) over control. Application of treatment T6 also enhanced quality attributes, that is, juice acid-ity (22%), juice sugar (22%) and juice contents (16%), as compared to control. It is concluded that use of treatment T6 as a foliar application is a better approach for significant improvement in quality and yield attributes of plum in micronutrients deficient conditions.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF GIRDLING TECHNIQUES FOR EARLY SEASON FRESH-SHIPPING NECTARINES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 590c-590
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Day ◽  
Ted M. DeJong
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Alternative Techniques ◽  
Tree Performance ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Girdling has been shown to increase fruit size and soluble solids concentration and advance fruit maturity. Performed improperly, girdling can also have a debilitating effect on trees. To minimize this, growers often use alternatives to the standard complete girdle. However, the efficacy of these alternative techniques has not been evaluated. Three methods of girdling: 1) complete girdle of all scaffolds, 2) complete girdle of all but one “nurse” scaffold, and 3) spiral (overlapping) girdle of all scaffolds, were compared to ungirdled trees to determine their effect on fruit and tree performance. All of the girdling treatments increased fruit size and marketable yield, and advanced maturity over ungirdled trees. Fruit on ungirdled nurse limbs were similar in size to fruit on ungirdled trees, while the fruit on the remaining girdled limbs were slightly larger than fruit on the trees which had all scaffolds girdled. Overall fruit size and yield of trees with a nurse limb were similar to the other girdle treatments.

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