Variation between apple fruits and its relation to keeping quality. 1. Within-tree variation.

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Martin
Keyword(s):  
Size Range ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Keeping Quality ◽  
Negative Skewness ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Starch Conversion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Apple Fruits ◽  
Storage Disorders

Variation within trees of diameter, colour, firmness, starch conversion, total acid, and soluble solids of fruit was examined for branches of different aspect for four varieties of apples and at different stages of maturity for one of them. Incidence of the storage disorders pit and breakdown in Cox Jonathan spot and deep scald in Jonathan, and pit in Cleopatra and Sturmer was examined in quarter-inch size groups within trees. The data revealed that the frequency distribution of all variables except starch conversion were of the unimodal, symmetric, or slightly skew type. Starch conversion showed strong positive skewness at low values and strong negative skewness at high values, which is characteristic of variables which have defined limits. As fruit matured, variability increased, except for starch conversion, which decreased. For three varieties, but not for a fourth, the pattern of correlation between variables within branches resembled the pattern obtained by correlating the variables at different stages of maturity of fruit from one source, but heterogeneity between branches weakened the correlation for the tree as a whole. The pattern of means in relation to aspect was not necessarily the same for two adjacent trees or for the same tree at different maturities, indicating that aspect as such was not the cause of heterogeneity within a tree but that the branches behaved as organic units. Size was correlated within a tree with incidence of the disorders pit and breakdown, but while the relationship appeared to be linear over the restricted size range there was no justification for extrapolating this relationship. There was evidence of between-branch variation in disorder incidence.

Variation between apple fruits and its relation to keeping quality. II. Between-tree variations due to cropping factors.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Martin
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Ground Colour ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Starch Conversion

Storage trials and chemical tests of fruit from individual trees of plots of apple varieties Cox and Cleopatra were made. Samples from each tree were picked on the same dates each year and treated in three ways: composite samples from 100 fruits of separate zones within the fruit were examined for acid and soluble solids content; samples of 25 fruits, at progressive stages of maturity, were examined for pressure, ground colour, starch conversion, total acid, and soluble solids of the mid-cortex region; and samples of 200 fruits were stored at 32-340°F for 10 weeks followed by 3 weeks at room temperature. The mean fruit size and total number of fruits per tree were found and from the latter over a 10-year period a crop index was developed. The data were given statistical treatment. Results from samples picked at successive maturities from light-crop and heavy-crop trees showed that up to a late stage of maturity light-crop fruit had a larger diameter, higher acidity, earlier colour change, and later starch conversion than heavy-crop fruit; the level of soluble solids in light-crop fruit was lower in the earlier stages of maturation, but rose faster and might eventually become higher than in heavy-crop fruit. This relationship was called the simple crop pattern, and though there were differences between the different zones within a fruit, these differences remained constant during maturation. Respiration per unit fresh weight was the same for different crop levels. Results from samples picked at a standard date in several years from trees having a range of cropping levels in each year gave measures of the variables, number of fruits per tree, crop index, mean diameter, acid, soluble solids, starch conversion, pressure, colour change, and incidence of the disorders pit and breakdown. The intercorrelation of these variables in each year and the partial correlation holding mean diameter constant between trees were examined. There was a correlation of all variables (except soluble-solids level) which had the same sign consistently in all years and there was evidence that in the changes of maturation at least three groups of processes followed independent courses: acid-starch-pressure, colour change, and soluble solids. The highest correlation of the disorder pit was with mean diameter and if there was another factor in addition, the most consistent seemed to be acid. The correlation of the disorder breakdown with diameter was extremely high and there was no advantage in choosing any of the other measures to increase the value of mean diameter alone as a measure of breakdown liability. The mean fruit diameter per tree is by far the best index of the physiological behaviour of the fruit from it, being more reliable than any measure of crop in terms of numbers or any of the common chemical or physical changes associated with ripening. An explanation for this relation is suggested in terms of the mean cell size per fruit and respiration per unit protein. There was a physiological interaction between pit and breakdown, each tending to suppress the other, which emphasized the importance of a respiratory phase in the development of pit.

scholarly journals Peach Fruit Quality Is Affected by Shade during Final Swell of Fruit Growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Marini ◽  
Donald Sowers ◽  
Michele Choma Marini
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Fruit Harvest ◽  
The Relationship

Girdled or nongirdled `Biscoe' peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch) secondary scaffold branches were covered with shade fabric to provide a range of photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) from 44 to 20 days before harvest (DBH), from 20 to 0 DBH or 44 to 0 DBH. Fruit quality was affected differently by the various periods of shade during the final swell of fruit development. Shading 40 to 20 DBH did not affect fruit weight or quality, whereas shading 44 to 0 DBH had the greatest effect on fruit weight and quality. Fruit quality was generally similar on branches exposed to 100% and 45% incident PPFD (IPPFD). Fruit on” girdled branches generally responded to shade more than fruit on nongirdled branches. Fruit weight was positively related to percent IPPFD for girdfed but not nongirdled branches shaded 20 to 0 DBH and 44 to DBH. On nongirdled branches, fruit exposed to 45% IPPFD for 44 to 0 DBH had 14% less red color and 21% lower soluble solids content (SSC) than nonshaded fruit. Harvest was delayed >10 days and preharvest fruit drop was increased by shading to <23% IPPFD. Shading branches for 20 to 0 or 44 to 0 DBH altered the relationship between flesh firmness and ground color: Firmness declined as ground color changed from green to yellow for fruit shaded 44 to 20 DBH, but firmness declined with little change in ground color for fruit shaded 20 to 0 or 44 to 0 DBH. Girdling results indicated that fruit weight and SSC partially depended on photosynthate from nonshaded portions of the canopy, whereas fruit redness, days from bloom to harvest, and ground color depended on PPFD in the vicinity of the fruit.

scholarly journals Bioactive compounds in gladiolus flowers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Goede de Souza ◽  
Eduardo Affonso Jung ◽  
Vinícius Petermann Benedicto ◽  
Leosane Cristina Bosco
Keyword(s):  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Total Titratable Acidity ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Flowers have received special attention not only for their ornamental nature but also for their nutraceutical, cosmetic, aromatic, and culinary properties. This study aimed to characterize physicochemical attributes and the antioxidant capacity of flowers of four gladiolus cultivars. The cultivars used were White Friendship, Rose Supreme, Jester, and T704. We analyzed the content of total soluble solids (SS), total titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, pH, vitamin C, anthocyanin, flavonoids, total phenolic compounds (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), and the relationship of TPC with flavonoids and TAA for each cultivar. The results showed that the Jester flowers had the lowest TA and highest SS/TA ratio, indicating the best flavor. Jester also had the highest flavonoid content, similarly to the White Friendship and Rose Supreme. As a result, these cultivars have flowers with higher TPC and TAA content than T704. The anthocyanin content was the characteristic attribute of cultivar T704, due to its purple pigmentation. Gladiolus flowers, traditionally used in landscaping and as cut flowers, have the potential for use in human nutrition, particularly the White Friendship, Rose Supreme, and Jester cultivars.

Anisotropic Microstructure of Plasma-Sprayed Deposits

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. lavsky ◽  
G.G. Long ◽  
A.J. Allen ◽  
L. Leblanc ◽  
M. Prystay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle Neutron Scattering ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Impregnation Process ◽  
Direct Technique ◽  
Plasma Sprayed ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract The microstructure of plasma-sprayed deposits (PSD) is dominated by two void systems - interlamellar pores and intralamellar cracks - each with a different anisotropy. Varying anisotropics and crack-to-pore ratios within PSDs are responsible for the anisotropic properties observed in the deposits. While it is difficult to apply standard porosity measurement techniques to the assessment of anisotropic microstructures, novel techniques utilizing different approaches have recently emerged. Image analysis (IA) of impregnated PSD samples is the most direct technique. The structure is stabilized by impregnation and then polished and imaged. The limitations of IA lie in the impregnation process and in the subsequent polishing. Also, the images produced from anisotropic materials can be difficult to interpret quantitatively. The technique of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) has recently been successfully applied to the study of PSDs. The major advantages of SANS are that it does not require sample preparation and that quantitative information can be gotten about the separate crack and pore systems, including their distinctive anisotropics. However, the relationship between the SANS results and the underlying structure is more complex and less intuitive than for IA, and the availability of the SANS technique is limited by the need to have access to a powerful neutron source, such as a reactor. Also, the two techniques present different views of the microstructure because of the different sensitivities in different parts of the size range. This paper compares results from IA and SANS from a set of thick plasma-sprayed ceramic deposits possessing a range of crack/pore microstructures, and discusses how the two techniques might complement one another.

Mercury levels in six species of Australian commercial fish

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Chvojka ◽  
RJ Williams
Keyword(s):  
Total Mercury ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Graphical Method ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mercury Content ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Commercial Size ◽  
Zeus Faber

The total mercury content of six species of Australian commercial fish (John dory. Zeus faber: mirror dory. Zenopsis nebulosus; tiger flathead, Neoplatycephalus richardsoni; rubberlip morwong, Nemadactylus douglasii; jackass morwong, Nemadactylus macroprerus; and sand whiting, Sillago ciliata) is reported. Total mercury content is regressed against fish length and the resultant equations and correlation coefficients are presented for each species. A length-frequency histogram derived from the Sydney Fish Market data and a length-mercury content curve are plotted as an overlay for each of the six species. The integrated average mercury content (mg/kg) has been calculated for each species and these are as follows: sand whiting, 0.08; rubberlip morwong, 0.13; tiger flathead, 0.14; John dory, 0.14; mirror dory, 0.15; and jackass morwong, 0.16. The graphical method adequately demonstrates the relationship between mercury levels and the commercial size range of particular species.

scholarly journals PENGARUH JENIS RAGI PADA FERMENTASI KAKAO TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK CUKA KAKAO

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Nur Wienda Permata Wulandari ◽  
Dewa Gde Mayun Permana ◽  
Agus Selamet Duniaji
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Anova Test ◽  
Randomized Block Design

This research was aimed to determine the effect type of “ragi” on the fermentation process of cocoa and to determine type of “ragi” that can produce vinegar with the best characteristics. This research used Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four types treatment of “ragi”, these are: without the addition of “ragi”, addition of bread yeast, addition of “tape ragi”, and addition of combination “ragi”. “Ragi” additions were carried out as much as 1% in each treatment. This research was repeated three times, resulting in 12 experimental units. The data was analyzed with Anova test and continued with Duncan test if the treatment had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the observed variable. This research showed that the treatment fermentation addition of tape ragi was the best treatment with characteristic 5.05 pH, 0.88% total acid, 3.33% total soluble solids, 0.59% total sugar and 0% alcohol. Keyword: cocoa, ragi, vinegar, fermentation

scholarly journals Surface Response Based Modeling of Liposome Characteristics in a Periodic Disturbance Mixer

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubén R. López ◽  
Ixchel Ocampo ◽  
Luz-María Sánchez ◽  
Anas Alazzam ◽  
Karl-F. Bergeron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Flow Rate Ratio ◽  
Total Flow ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Periodic Disturbance ◽  
Liposome Size ◽  
The Relationship

Liposomes nanoparticles (LNPs) are vesicles that encapsulate drugs, genes, and imaging labels for advanced delivery applications. Control and tuning liposome physicochemical characteristics such as size, size distribution, and zeta potential are crucial for their functionality. Liposome production using micromixers has shown better control over liposome characteristics compared with classical approaches. In this work, we used our own designed and fabricated Periodic Disturbance Micromixer (PDM). We used Design of Experiments (DoE) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to statistically model the relationship between the Total Flow Rate (TFR) and Flow Rate Ratio (FRR) and the resulting liposomes physicochemical characteristics. TFR and FRR effectively control liposome size in the range from 52 nm to 200 nm. In contrast, no significant effect was observed for the TFR on the liposomes Polydispersity Index (PDI); conversely, FRR around 2.6 was found to be a threshold between highly monodisperse and low polydispersed populations. Moreover, it was shown that the zeta potential is independent of TFR and FRR. The developed model presented on the paper enables to pre-establish the experimental conditions under which LNPs would likely be produced within a specified size range. Hence, the model utility was demonstrated by showing that LNPs were produced under such conditions.

scholarly journals Feeding activity of the cayenne pompano Trachinotus cayennensis (Cuvier 1832) (Perciformes, Carangidae) in estuaries on the western coast of the state of Maranhão, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-320
Author(s):  
A. C. L. Castro ◽  
J. W. J. Azevedo ◽  
H. R. S. Ferreira ◽  
L. S. Soares ◽  
J. R. Pinheiro-Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Range ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Subsequent Calculation ◽  
Feeding Plasticity

Abstract The present paper addresses the feeding activity of Trachinotus cayennensis, collected in Lençóis Bay (1°18’S – 1°19’S; 44°51’W – 44°53’W) on the western coast of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Sampling was conducted between June 2012 and June 2013 using driftnets with stretch mesh sizes from 95 to 100 mm. A total of 205 individuals (114 females and 91 males) were analyzed. Statistically significant differences in the sex ratio were found in June, September and December 2012. Food items were analyzed based on frequency of occurrence and volumetric method, with the subsequent calculation of the alimentary importance index. Three size groups were defined to determine possible ontogenetic changes in eating habits based on the size range of the individuals collected: I (˂ 29 cm), II (29.1 to 37.0) and III (≥ 37.1). Eleven food item categories were identified: mollusks, polychaetes, crustaceans, nematodes, insects, algae, bryozoans, ophiuroids, fishes, vegetal matter and sediments. The variety of items in the diet of T. cayennensis indicates considerable feeding plasticity and opportunistic behavior. Seasonal variations influenced the feeding pattern of the species, with greater feeding activity in the dry season. The considerable availability of resources in estuarine habitats of the western coast of Maranhão constitutes another factor that influences the feeding behavior of this species.

scholarly journals Influence of gamma irradiation and benzyl adenine on keeping quality of custard apple fruits during storage

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 934-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Chouksey ◽  
Alpana Singh ◽  
Rajendra Singh Thakur ◽  
Reena Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Benzyl Adenine ◽  
Keeping Quality ◽  
Custard Apple ◽  
Apple Fruits
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