Bare-patch disease and associated problems in subterranean clover pastures in South Australia.

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
WV Ludbrook ◽  
J Brockwell ◽  
DS Riceman
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Bare Patch ◽  
The Third ◽  
Patch Disease

Three diseases new to subterranean clover pastures have been observed in the Coonalpyn Downs, South Australia. Rhizoctonia solani is shown to be the cause of "bare patch" and Meloidogyne marioni of "root-knot patch". The third disease, "unthriftiness", is a complex problem. There is some evidence that Corticium praticola may be associated as a parasite, but it appears that there are other contributing factors. The implications of widespread establishment of these diseases are discussed and suggestions for control are made.

Mycelial Interactions and the Potential Use of Tuft Formation in Characterizing Rhizoctonia solani Isolates Infecting Cereals

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
HA Yang ◽  
K Sivasithamparam ◽  
PA Obrien
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Anastomosis Group ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Bare Patch ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Mycelial Interactions ◽  
Causal Pathogen ◽  
Patch Disease ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Compatible Interactions

Field isolates of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG) 8, the most important causal pathogen of cereal bare-patch disease, were paired with each other and with tester strains of other AGs on potato-dextrose agar amended with charcoal (PDCA) to investigate mycelial interactions. Pairings among AG 8 field isolates produced compatible interactions of either tuft or merging reactions. Tufts formed between all paired field isolates from different pectic zymogram groups (ZGs) within AG 8, but pairings between genetically identical isolates showed merging reactions. Pairings of AG 8 field isolates with the tester strains of the other AGs led to incompatible interactions varying from merging line to barrage reactions. As formation of a tuft indicates that the paired isolates are able to anastomose and to form viable heterokaryons, the testing of mycelial interaction types, highlighted by tuft formation, may be used as a rapid procedure to characterise field isolates of R. solani obtained from cereals.

scholarly journals First Report of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 and AG-2-2 on Lupinus angustifolius in Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Chang ◽  
S. F. Hwang ◽  
B. D. Gossen ◽  
R. J. Howard ◽  
K. Lopetinsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Bare Patch ◽  
First Report ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Patch Disease

Narrow-leaved lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is grown as a grain legume crop in Australia and Europe where it is used as feedstock in the livestock and aquaculture industries. During July 2003, a stem rot disease was observed in narrow-leaved lupine (cv. Arabella) plants in a research plot at the Crop Diversification Centre North (CDCN), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The disease was also found on cv. Rose at the CDCN and cv. Arabella in experimental fields near Devon, Ellerslie, and Westlock, Alberta during the late spring of 2004. Diseased plants showed dark brown-to-black stems with sunken and constricted lesions at the soil level. Young leaves became shrunken and twisted and seedlings collapsed. Rhizoctonia solani was consistently isolated from lesions on taproots and basal stems of diseased plants. Colonies of cream-colored mycelia grew close to the surface of potato dextrose agar (PDA). Most sclerotia formed inside the medium. Agar disks (1 cm in diameter) of isolates LP-11Bb, LP-24C, and LP-25C were attached to the opposite sides of basal stems (180° apart) of 1-month-old lupine seedlings (cv. Arabella). Inoculated plants were incubated for 2 days in black plastic bags under a greenhouse bench at approximately 20°C. All isolates caused brown lesions on the lower stems (extending up to 7 cm above ground level), girdling, and root rot. Plants wilted within 7 to 10 days after inoculation, and aerial mycelia appeared on the basal stems. R. solani was reisolated from the infected crown tissues using PDA to complete Koch's postulates. The isolates were paired with AG tester strains of R. solani. Isolates LP-11Bb and LP-24C were identified as AG-4 while isolate LP-25C was identified as AG-2-2. In another trial, eight isolates of R. solani (unknown AG types) were tested for virulence on L. angustifolius cv. Arabella using the inoculation method described above. All isolates were pathogenic, and disease severity that was based on a 0 to 4 scale ranged from 2.7 to 3.2. The most virulent strain was LP-24C, which caused a 77% loss in fresh weight compared with the noninoculated control plants. R. solani AG-8 is associated with Rhizoctonia disease of lupine in Australia (1) and also causes bare patch disease of wheat. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solani on lupine in Canada. This disease could have a significant impact on the commercial production of lupine in Alberta. Reference: (1) M. W. Sweetingham et al. Pages 466–486 in: Advances in Lupin Disease Management in Australia. Proc. Int. Lupin Conf., 8th. G. D. Hill, ed. International Lupin Association, Canterbury, New Zealand, 1999.

scholarly journals Role of Bacterial Communities in the Natural Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani Bare Patch Disease of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (23) ◽  
pp. 7428-7438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuntao Yin ◽  
Scot H. Hulbert ◽  
Kurtis L. Schroeder ◽  
Olga Mavrodi ◽  
Dmitri Mavrodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bare Patch ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Patch Disease

ABSTRACTRhizoctoniabare patch and root rot disease of wheat, caused byRhizoctonia solaniAG-8, develops as distinct patches of stunted plants and limits the yield of direct-seeded (no-till) wheat in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. At the site of a long-term cropping systems study near Ritzville, WA, a decline inRhizoctoniapatch disease was observed over an 11-year period. Bacterial communities from bulk and rhizosphere soil of plants from inside the patches, outside the patches, and recovered patches were analyzed by using pyrosequencing with primers designed for 16S rRNA. Taxa in the classAcidobacteriaand the genusGemmatimonaswere found at higher frequencies in the rhizosphere of healthy plants outside the patches than in that of diseased plants from inside the patches.DyellaandAcidobacteriasubgroup Gp7 were found at higher frequencies in recovered patches.Chitinophaga,Pedobacter,Oxalobacteriaceae(DuganellaandMassilia), andChyseobacteriumwere found at higher frequencies in the rhizosphere of diseased plants from inside the patches. For selected taxa, trends were validated by quantitative PCR (qPCR), and observed shifts of frequencies in the rhizosphere over time were duplicated in cycling experiments in the greenhouse that involved successive plantings of wheat inRhizoctonia-inoculated soil.Chryseobacterium soldanellicolawas isolated from the rhizosphere inside the patches and exhibited significant antagonism againstR. solaniAG-8in vitroand in greenhouse tests. In conclusion, we identified novel bacterial taxa that respond to conditions affecting bare patch disease symptoms and that may be involved in suppression ofRhizoctoniaroot rot and bare batch disease.

Genetic Variability in Pectic Enzymes of Rhizoctonia solani Isolates Causing Bare-patch Disease of Cereals

1994 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Yang ◽  
J. Zhou ◽  
K. Sivasithamparam ◽  
I. C. Tommerup ◽  
J. E. Barton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Bare Patch ◽  
Pectic Enzymes ◽  
Patch Disease

Potential adaptation zones for temperate pasture species as constrained by climate: a knowledge-based logical modelling approach

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Potential Adaptation

Potential adaptation zones were modelled for major temperate pasture species using climate data and knowledge-based logical rules. A GIs database was constructed using a 0.025 degree digital elevation model and the Australian Climate Surfaces to create layers of monthly mean climate data for Australia. Soil pH maps for New South Wales, Victoria, and south-eastern South Australia were digitised and added to the database. Simple models using logical operators were constructed using estimates of temperature and aridity thresholds for the main temperate pasture species. The logical models were executed using primary and derived climate layers to create raster maps of potential adaptation zones for pasture species in eastern and south-western Australia. Areas of adaptation on freehold/leasehold land were expressed relative to a potential temperate pasture adaptation zone described by the lower (arid) limit of annual legume adaptation in temperate Australia and the northern limit of lucerne adaptation. Potential adaptation within this area ranged from 66% for lucerne down to <20% for perennial ryegrass in eastern Australia, and 93% for subterranean clover down to zero for perennial ryegrass in south-western Australia. Utility of the species adaptation zones could be enhanced using soil pH maps: a zone for serradella in NSW was refined by restricting adaptation to areas of climatic suitability with low soil pH. Maps for lucerne and Mount Barker subterranean clover showed good agreement with validation data for NSW. The zones may be readily adjusted by simple changes to parameter values in the algorithms. This knowledge-based approach has potential as an aid to targeting resources for plant improvement or to provide advice for more efficient utilisation of existing commercial pasture plants.

Occurrence of Phytophthora clandestina in Trifolium subterraneum paddocks in Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Aldaoud ◽  
W. Guppy ◽  
L. Callinan ◽  
S. F. Flett ◽  
K. A. Wratten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Differential Cultivars

In 1995–96, a survey of soil samples from subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) paddocks was conducted across Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales and Western Australia, to determine the distribution and the prevalence of races of Phytophthora clandestina (as determined by the development of root rot on differential cultivars), and the association of its occurrence with paddock variables. In all states, there was a weak but significant association between P. clandestina detected in soil samples and subsequent root rot susceptibility of differential cultivars grown in these soil samples. Phytophthora clandestina was found in 38% of the sampled sites, with a significantly lower prevalence in South Australia (27%). There were significant positive associations between P. clandestina detection and increased soil salinity (Western Australia), early growth stages of subterranean clover (Victoria), mature subterranean clover (South Australia), recently sown subterranean clover (South Australia), paddocks with higher subterranean clover content (Victoria), where herbicides were not applied (South Australia), irrigation (New South Wales and Victoria), cattle grazing (South Australia and Victoria), early sampling dates (Victoria and New South Wales), sampling shortly after the autumn break or first irrigation (Victoria), shorter soil storage time (Victoria) and farmer’s perception of root rot being present (Victoria and New South Wales). Only 29% of P. clandestina isolates could be classified under the 5 known races. Some of the unknown races were virulent on cv. Seaton Park LF (most resistant) and others were avirulent on cv. Woogenellup (most susceptible). Race 1 was significantly less prevalent in South Australia than Victoria and race 0 was significantly less prevalent in New South Wales than in South Australia and Western Australia. This study revealed extremely wide variation in the virulence of P. clandestina. The potential importance of the results on programs to breed for resistance to root rot are discussed. in South Australia.

Response of mown pasture to potassium fertilizer in south-eastern South Australia

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (88) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Meissner ◽  
AL Clarke
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Yield And Quality

Trials lasting three years were conducted at 27 sites in the south-east of South Australia to examine the responses of mown subterranean clover-ryegrass pastures to repeated annual applications of potassium chloride. At 20 sites, yield of dry matter (DM) was increased by potassium in one or more harvests. Responses were measured in 9 out of 55 winter harvests and 42 out of 86 spring harvests; mean responses to 100 kg ha-1 KCl (-Y100) at responsive sites were 380 and 560 kg DM ha-1 in winter and spring respectively. When potassium dressing increased yield, the proportion of clover in the sward was either maintained or increased. The herbage concentration of potassium was usually increased, and its magnesium concentration sometimes depressed, by potassium application. Although the K:Mg ratio was thereby increased, especially during winter, it rarely reached 15, the value considered necessary to induce grass tetany in cattle. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the exchangeable potassium concentration (Kex) of the top 10 cm of soil, the depth of soil overlying clay or limestone, and the sand content of the topsoil were factors affecting yield response. The best regression equations, however, explained less than half of the response variations. In practice, Kex alone would have usefully diagnosed potassium responsive sites. Responses occurred often when Kexwas less than 0.2 me 100 g-1 and rarely when it was greater. The use of potassium fertilizer is likely to be worthwhile to establish new pasture, to maintain the clover content of old pasture, and to increase the yield and quality of hay, where soils have less than 0.20 me 100 g-1 Kex. Such soils are most commonly sands more than 30 cm deep.

Effects of phosphorus on seed yields of subterranean clover, serradella and annual medics

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Annual Medics ◽  
Alternating Temperature ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Number Of Seeds

In three experiments located near Esperance, Western Australia, the effect of superphosphate phosphorus on seed yields of subterranean clover, serradella and annual medics was measured on newly-cleared soils, using low seeding rates. In two experiments, the relationship between seed yield and the amount of phosphorus applied was linear for subterranean clover and serradella; seed yields increasing by 7-24 kg/ha for each kg/ha of phosphorus applied, depending on species, strain or cultivar, and location. In the third experiment, seed yields of annual medic species also increased markedly with increasing amounts of applied superphosphate phosphorus, this response also depended on species and strain or cultivar, but the responses become less marked with increasing amounts of phosphorus. For the annual medic species, the phosphorus treatments had no effect on average weight of one burr, number of seeds per burr, weight of one seed, or the rate of softening of hard seeds as measured both in a 15/60� alternating temperature oven (one cycle/day) or for samples of burrs collected periodically during summer from the field. For all legumes, the appearance of first flowers was not affected by phosphorus treatment.

Effect of glyphosate on the establishment, growth and nodulation of 14 pasture legume cultivars

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Blowes ◽  
KJ Schmalzl ◽  
SM Jones
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Rapid Absorption ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Pasture Legume ◽  
Topsoil Layer

In field trials carried our in 1983 at Gama and Horsham (Victoria), Hart (South Australia) and York (Western Australia), the effect of two rates of glyphosate (0.54 and 1.08 kg/ha active ingredient), applied 1-8 days before sowing, on the establishment, growth and nodulation of four cultivars of subterranean clover and 10 medic cultivars was investigated. No significant adverse effects were observed on establishment, growth or nodulation even at the high rate (2x field rate) of glyphosate. The absence of any adverse effect was attributed to rapid absorption and inactivation of glyphosate in soil and possibly also the manner of seed placement below the glyphosate-treated topsoil layer.

scholarly journals Contrasting soil microbial abundance and diversity on and between pasture drill rows in the third growing season after sowing

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Hayes ◽  
Vadakattu V. S. R. Gupta ◽  
Guangdi D. Li ◽  
Mark B. Peoples ◽  
Richard P. Rawnsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Microbial Abundance ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Changed spatial configurations at sowing have been investigated as a strategy to minimize interspecific competition and improve the establishment and persistence of multi-species plantings in pastures, but the impact of this practice on the soil microbiome has received almost no previous research attention. Differences in populations of bacteria and fungi in the surface 10 cm of soil in the third year following pasture establishment were quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Populations were compared on, and between, drill rows sown to either the perennial grass phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.), perennial legume lucerne (alfalfa; Medicago sativa L.) or the annual legume subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Results showed that soil microbial abundance and diversity were related to plant distribution across the field at the time of sampling and to soil chemical parameters including total carbon (C), mineral nitrogen (N), pH, and available phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulfur (S). Despite the 27-month lag since sowing, pasture species remained concentrated around the original drill row with very little colonization of the inter-row area. The abundance and diversity of bacterial and fungal populations were consistently greater under drill rows associated with higher total C concentrations in the surface soil compared with the inter-row areas. Our results showed that the pH and available nutrients were similar between the subterranean clover drill row and the inter-row, suggesting that soil microbial populations were not impacted directly by these soil fertility parameters, but rather were related to the presence or absence of plants. The abundance of bacteria and fungi were numerically lower under phalaris rows compared to rows sown to legumes. The richness and diversity of fungal populations were lowest between rows where lucerne was planted. Possible explanations for this observation include a lower C:N ratio of lucerne roots and/or a lack of fibrous roots at the soil surface compared to the other species, illustrating the influence of contrasting plant types on the soil microflora community. This study highlights the enduring legacy of the drill row on the spatial distribution of plants well into the pasture phase of a cropping rotation and discusses the opportunity to enhance the microbiome of cropping soils on a large scale during the pasture phase by increasing plant distribution across the landscape.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document