Effects of dam parity and rearing rank on the glucose and fat metabolism, and adrenal function of post-pubertal single and twin-ewe progeny

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Pain ◽  
P. R. Kenyon ◽  
S. T. Morris ◽  
H. T. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Glucose Challenge ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Ewe Lamb

In an effort to increase the number of lambs produced per ewe’s productive lifetime in New Zealand, an increasing number of ewe lambs (8–9 months old) are being bred. This, in turn, results in an increased proportion of second-parity 2-year-old ewes in New Zealand’s breeding flock, rather than the more usual first-parity 2-year olds. The longer-term effects of dam parity on resulting ewe progeny are of interest and few studies have examined this. The present study was designed to determine whether parity (first or second) of Romney 2-year-old dams had any effect on the metabolic function of their single- and twin-born and reared ewe lamb progeny at 10 months of age. Ten-month-old, single and twin ewe lamb progeny born to first- or second-parity dams (n = 8 per group) were catheterised and given intravenous glucose (0.17 g/kg liveweight) (GTT), insulin (0.15 IU/kg liveweight) (ITT) and epinephrine (1 μg/kg liveweight) (ETT) tolerance tests to assess their glucose and fat metabolism and adrenal function. Rearing rank reduced (P < 0.05) the insulin response of twins to a glucose challenge, but increased (P < 0.05) their glucose response to an insulin challenge. Offspring from first-parity dams had higher (P < 0.05) basal plasma concentrations of cortisol and cortisone, whereas their cortisol/cortisone responses to an insulin challenge were unaffected by either dam parity or rearing rank. Neither dam parity nor rearing rank appeared to influence responses to an epinephrine challenge. The present study suggests that both dam parity and rearing rank alter the glucose and insulin metabolism of the offspring, which may have longer-term impacts on the growth and reproductive efficiency of the animal.

Glucose challenge in early lactating dairy cows selected for high or low milk-fat concentration

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Åkerlind ◽  
M. Emanuelson ◽  
K. Dahlborn ◽  
K. Holtenius
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Selection Line ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Glucose Clearance ◽  
Glucose Challenge ◽  
Basal Plasma

AbstractResponses to intravenous glucose challenge (no. = 26) and basal metabolite and hormone concentrations (no. = 68) were determined in dairy cows selected for high (HFI) or low (LFI) milk-fat concentration but with similar 40 g/kg fat-corrected milk (FCM) yields. All cows were given a mixed diet ad libitum. Following a glucose challenge the insulin release was higher (P < 0·05) and the glucose clearance rate faster (P < 0·05) in the HFI cows compared with the LFI cows. Basal plasma concentrations of the metabolites alanine, β -hydroxybutyrate, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and urea and the hormones insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin and leptin were not influenced by selection line.

Follow-up of women with large-for-dates infants. Early insulin and C-peptide response to intravenous glucose, blood lipids and HLA-types

1981 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Persson ◽  
E. Möller ◽  
S. Thunell
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Hla Antigens ◽  
Hla Typing ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Glucose Plasma

Abstract. In a previous study we determined the glucose disappearance rate (kt) in 129 newborn large-for-dates infants (LFD) born to mothers without known diabetes. Twenty-six infants (i.e. 20.6%) had elevated kt values similar to those in offspring of diabetic mothers. A follow-up study of 123 of these mothers was performed 7 years after delivery and included determination of early insulin and C-peptide response to intravenous glucose, plasma concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins and HLA-typing. Two subjects had developed diabetes and altogether 14% had a kt below 1.0. Measures of the early insulin and C-peptide response to glucose were equally well correlated to maternal kt values (r = 0.40, P < 0.001). Measures of the early insulin and C-peptide responses were significantly correlated (r = 0.64, P < 0.001). The frequency distribution of HLA antigens were not different from normal and there was no association between HLA-B8 or B15 and impaired insulin response or glucose tolerance. Multiple regression and discriminate analysis of clinical and biochemical variables could not accurately identify women with high or low kt values. Multiple regression analysis using infant kt value as the dependent variable disclosed only a weak, but significant, inverse association to maternal insulin response to glucose at follow-up.

First-phase insulin secretion: does it exist in real life? Considerations on shape and function

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (3) ◽  
pp. E371-E385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Caumo ◽  
Livio Luzi
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Glucose Ingestion ◽  
Glucose Challenge ◽  
Early Insulin Response ◽  
Insulin Response To Glucose ◽  
First Phase Insulin Secretion ◽  
First Phase Insulin Response

To fulfill its preeminent function of regulating glucose metabolism, insulin secretion must not only be quantitatively appropriate but also have qualitative, dynamic properties that optimize insulin action on target tissues. This review focuses on the importance of the first-phase insulin secretion to glucose metabolism and attempts to illustrate the relationships between the first-phase insulin response to an intravenous glucose challenge and the early insulin response following glucose ingestion. A clear-cut first phase occurs only when the β-cell is exposed to a rapidly changing glucose stimulus, like the one induced by a brisk intravenous glucose administration. In contrast, peripheral insulin concentration following glucose ingestion does not bear any clear sign of biphasic shape. Coupling data from the literature with the results of a β-cell model simulation, a close relationship between the first-phase insulin response to intravenous glucose and the early insulin response to glucose ingestion emerges. It appears that the same ability of the β-cell to produce a pronounced first phase in response to an intravenous glucose challenge can generate a rapidly increasing early phase in response to the blood glucose profile following glucose ingestion. This early insulin response to glucose is enhanced by the concomitant action of incretins and neural responses to nutrient ingestion. Thus, under physiological circumstances, the key feature of the early insulin response seems to be the ability to generate a rapidly increasing insulin profile. This notion is corroborated by recent experimental evidence that the early insulin response, when assessed at the portal level with a frequent sampling, displays a pulsatile nature. Thus, even though the classical first phase does not exist under physiological conditions, the oscillatory behavior identified at the portal level does serve the purpose of rapidly exposing the liver to elevated insulin levels that, also in virtue of their up-and-down pattern, are particularly effective in restraining hepatic glucose production.

Effects of chronic parenteral pyridoxine and acute enteric tryptophan on pyridoxine status, glycemia and insulinemia stimulated by enteric glucose in weanling piglets

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Matte ◽  
A. A. Ponter ◽  
B. Sève
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Response ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Large White ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Intraduodenal Infusion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Liquid Feed ◽  
Insulin Response To Glucose ◽  
Weanling Piglets

In order to investigate the importance of the relation between pyridoxine and tryptophan on glucose tolerance and insulin response to glucose, 12 Large White × Pietrain piglets (males and females), weaned at 3 wk of age, were allocated to two treatment groups. Within each of the six pairs (four females and two males), one piglet received daily 3 mL i.m. of pyridoxine.HCl (5 g L−1) and the other received a control injection of saline. The animals were fed a liquid feed through a gastric tube surgically inserted on the day of weaning. Seven days later, one catheter was placed in the duodenum and another in the jugular vein. One week after recovery, the piglets received an intraduodenal infusion of glucose or glucose + tryptophan; 2 d later, each piglet received the opposite treatment. There was no effect (P > 0.18) of the administration of pyridoxine.HCl on plasma pyridoxal and pyridoxal-5-phosphate. Whatever the pyridoxine treatment, the plasma glucose response was lower (P ≤ 0.05) after the glucose + tryptophan infusion than after the glucose infusion. There was, also, an interaction between parenteral pyridoxine and duodenal infusion on changes in plasma insulin concentrations following the duodenal infusion (P ≤ 0.02). The greatest response, observed in piglets supplemented with pyridoxine.HCl and infused with glucose, was 55% higher than for the three other treatments. Further work is needed for an eventual reliable estimate of the pyridoxine status and requirements of weanling piglets. The tryptophan and pyridoxine effects on insulin metabolism suggest a different action of these nutrients on sensitivity and release of insulin. Key words: Pyridoxine, tryptophan, glucose, insulin, weanling piglets

scholarly journals The Time Course of Human Milk Insulin and Glucose Response to an Oral Glucose Challenge - A Case Study (P11-045-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Young ◽  
Sarah Westmoreland ◽  
Carl D'Angio ◽  
Nancy Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Glucose Challenge ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives It is often cited that insulin in human milk (HM) increases postprandially along with maternal serum insulin. However, this response has never been documented in humans, and the characteristics of this increase remain unstudied. Methods Two healthy lactating women emptied their breasts after a fast (> 8 hours) using an electric breast pump. After consuming a 50g glucose water, each woman emptied a single breast at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Skim milk was generated via centrifugation and HM glucose and insulin were measured via hexokinase assay and chemiluminescent immunoassay (Beckman Coulter). At each of these time points maternal blood was collected via finger prick and capillary glucose measured via handheld glucometer. Additional blood was spotted onto a dried blood spot (DBS) card, and maternal insulin was measured from the DBS cards via Ultrasensitive ELISA (Mercodia). Results Both insulin and glucose concentrations rose in HM after the glucose load (Figure A, B). The amplitudes of both HM insulin and glucose were lower than that of maternal circulation. Neither HM insulin nor glucose were correlated with concentrations in maternal blood. However insulin concentrations were tightly correlated with glucose concentrations in both HM (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.84) and maternal blood (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.72). At 2 hours post-glucose challenge, both maternal blood insulin and glucose had returned to near fasting levels (insulin: 15.1 ± 7.8 µU/mL; glucose: 107 ± 4 mg/dL). However, HM insulin and glucose concentrations remained elevated (Figure A, B). At 2 hours, HM insulin remained 13 times higher than fasting concentrations and HM glucose remained 3.9 times higher than fasting concentrations. Conclusions To our knowledge, these are the first data in humans to characterize the time course of HM insulin response to an oral glucose challenge. These data will inform the design of HM composition studies when free-living HM samples are collected. The impact of variation in these components over the day on the recipient infant deserves further research. Funding Sources Internally Funded. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

Insulin response in rats acutely exposed to cold

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 924-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ora L. K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Blocking Agent ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Challenge ◽  
Plasma Insulin Levels ◽  
Adrenergic Blocking

To examine the role of insulin during shivering thermogenesis, rats (unacclimatized) were exposed to 4 °C for 24 h and compared with control rats kept at 25 °C. Cold exposure lowered plasma insulin levels by one half, despite unchanged plasma glucose concentrations. Adrenodemedullation 2 weeks prior to cold exposure partially restored the ability of cold rats' plasma insulin levels to respond to a glucose load, unless it was accompanied by a subcutaneous injection of epinephrine. When additional normal rats were cold stressed and injected immediately after exposure with an α-adrenergic blocking agent (phentolamine), an intravenous glucose challenge caused a mean peak insulin value that was 50% higher than that of untreated controls, while the glucose level was less elevated. The results suggest that cold depresses blood insulin levels through activation of the sympathetic adrenal system, an effect most likely mediated by α-adrenergic inhibition of the pancreatic insulin response.

scholarly journals Diurnal trends in responses of blood plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide following high- and low-fat meals and their relation to fat metabolism in healthy middle-aged volunteers

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Frape ◽  
Norman R. Williams ◽  
A. J. Scriven ◽  
Christopher R. Palmer ◽  
Kathryn O'Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Fat Meal

An experiment was conducted in twelve healthy middle-aged volunteers, six of each sex, with a mean BMI of 27kg/m2 to detect differences between morning and afternoon in postprandial blood glucose, insulin and C-peptide concentrations. These responses were measured following the consumption of isoenergetic meals that were high or low in fat content, at breakfast and at lunch. Over 4d each subject received the high-carbohydrate (L, 5·5 g mixed fat/meal) and moderately high-fat (M, 33 g mixed fat/meal) breakfasts and lunches, in three combinations (LL, MM, LM), or they fasted at breakfast time and received a moderately high-fat lunch (NM), in three Latin squares. Each evening a standard meal was given. Plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide responses were greater following L than M meals and within both MM and LL treatments insulin and C-peptide responses were greater following breakfast than following lunch. The incremental C-peptide response to a fatty lunch following a fast at breakfast time (NM) was similar to that to a fatty breakfast, but the incremental insulin response for the same comparison was marginally lower at lunch (P=0·06). The relationship of C-peptide and insulin concentrations was assessed. Plasma glucose response to a fatty lunch was increased by a fatty breakfast. The relationships of these metabolic events with fat metabolism are discussed.

Hepatic glucose regulation and metabolism in adult sheep: effects of prenatal betamethasone

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (4) ◽  
pp. E721-E728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah M. Sloboda ◽  
Timothy J. M. Moss ◽  
Shaofu Li ◽  
Dorota A. Doherty ◽  
Ilias Nitsos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Glucose Regulation ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Glucose Ratio ◽  
Hepatic Glucose ◽  
Glucose Challenge ◽  
Basal Plasma

Fetal exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids in sheep results in increased fetal hepatic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) protein levels and insulin resistance in postnatal life. The aim was to determine whether these changes persisted to adulthood and whether alterations in mediators of hepatic glucocorticoid and glucose regulation contributed to changes in metabolism. Pregnant ewes or their fetuses received either repeated intramuscular saline (MS, FS) or betamethasone injections (0.5 mg/kg; M4, F4) at 104, 111, 118, and 124 days of gestation (dG), or a single betamethasone injection at 104 dG followed by saline at 111, 118, and 124 dG (M1, F1). Offspring were catheterized at 2 and 3 yr of age and given an intravenous glucose challenge (0.5 mg/kg). Hepatic tissue was collected at 3.5 yr. At 2 yr of age, basal plasma insulin was elevated in M4 offspring and at 3 yr of age was elevated in F4 offspring. Basal insulin-to-glucose ratio was significantly elevated in M4 offspring at 2 yr of age and elevated in M1, M4, and F4 offspring at 3 yr of age. All betamethasone treatments resulted in significant increases in hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity. Hepatic glucocorticoid receptor protein levels were not altered in M1 and M4 offspring but were increased in F1 and F4 offspring. Hepatic CBG protein levels were lower in F4 but not F1 offspring and were unchanged from control in M1 and M4 offspring. Prenatal betamethasone exposure results in elevated hepatic G-6-Pase activity in adulthood and may contribute to long-term changes in metabolism.

scholarly journals Differential Impact of Glucose Administered Intravenously and Orally on Circulating miR-375 Levels in Human Subjects

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 3749-3755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Yan ◽  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Sidse Westberg-Rasmussen ◽  
Marcel Tarbier ◽  
Thomas Rathjen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Glucose Challenge ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background To date, numerous nucleic acid species have been detected in the systemic circulation including microRNAs (miRNAs); however, their functional role in this compartment remains unclear. Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether systemic levels of miRNAs abundant in blood, including the neuroendocrine tissue-enriched miR-375, are altered in response to a glucose challenge. Design Twelve healthy males were recruited for an acute crossover study that consisted of two tests each following an 8-hour fasting period. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed, and blood samples were collected over a 3-hour period. Following a period of at least 1 week, the same participants were administered an isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (IIGI) with the same blood-collection protocol. Results The glucose response curve following the IIGI mimicked that obtained after the OGTT, but as expected, systemic insulin levels were lower during the IIGI compared with the OGTT (P &lt; 0.05). miR-375 levels in circulation were increased only in response to an OGTT and not during an IIGI. In addition, the response to the OGTT also coincided with the transient increase of circulating glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Conclusions The present findings show levels of miR-375 increase following administration of an OGTT and, in light of its enrichment in cells of the gut, suggest that the gastrointestinal tract may play an important role in the abundance and function of this miRNA in the blood.

GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND INSULIN SECRETION IN HYPERTHYROIDISM

1977 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 576-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Ortved Andersen ◽  
Th. Friis ◽  
B. Ottesen
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Insulin Responses

ABSTRACT To evaluate the glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in hyperthyroidism patients were examined in the toxic state and after they had been made euthyroid. Fasting values: In 42 untreated patients the glucose- and insulin concentrations in serum were significantly elevated. In 24 treated patients the glucose concentrations became normal, while the insulin concentrations remained elevated. Oral-glucose-tolerance test: In 20 untreated patients the glucose- and insulin responses were significantly increased. In 8 treated patients the glucose response became normal, while the insulin response remained unchanged. Intravenous-glucose-tolerance test: In 28 untreated patients the K-values were significantly decreased and the insulin response increased. In 23 treated patients the K-values rose significantly, but the insulin response remained unchanged. Intravenous-tolbutamide test: In 41 untreated patients the glucose concentration decreased significantly compared with the controls, and the insulin responses were significantly increased. In 23 treated patients the glucose concentrations decreased even more, while the insulin response remained unchanged. The results indicate enhanced sensitivity or an increase in the mass of β-cells in hyperthyroidism. The glucose tolerance tests point to an increased peripheral insulin resistance. The normalized glucose tolerance and still enhanced insulin secretion during treatment support the assumption, that hyperthyroidism causes an increase in the β-cell mass.

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