Histology of the gastrointestinal tract of the northern brown bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus (Marsupialia:Peramelidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia J. O'Hara ◽  
Peter J. Murray ◽  
Athol V. Klieve
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Total Length

Published information on the histology of the gastrointestinal tract of peramelids is limited, with previous research only examining portions of the tract. We examined the histological structure of the gastrointestinal tract of eight adult I. macrourus from stomach to colon. The organisation of the tissue layers of the gastrointestinal tract was comparable to other mammals. In contrast to previous research, the long villi in the small intestine, which accounts for half of the total length of the gastrointestinal tract in an adult I. macrourus, were folded in a zig-zag formation. The purpose of this morphological strategy is unclear.

CHANGES IN SMALL INTESTINE MICROFLORA IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-18
Author(s):  
V. M. Lykhman ◽  
O. M. Shevchenko ◽  
Ye. O. Bilodid ◽  
Igor Vladimirovich Volchenko ◽  
I. A. Kulyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Acute Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria

Among urgent surgical diseases of abdominal cavity, an acute intestinal obstruction is the most difficult to be diagnosed and treated. Leading factor, determining the development of pathophysiological processes is considered to be the progressive manifestations of enteric insufficiency syndrome, resulting in intestinal barrier impairment, negative changes in ecology of intestinal flora, increased endotoxins. To identify the small intestine microflora in acute intestinal obstruction and determine the role of dysbiotic disorders in clinical manifestations of main pathological process, a study was conducted in 60 patients with mechanical intestinal obstruction. The small intestine has a relatively rare microflora, consisting mainly of gram−positive facultative aerobic microorganisms, streptococci, lactobacilli. The distal ileum in nearly 30−55 % of healthy people contains scanty microflora, and yet the flora of this area differs from the microbial population of the higher gastrointestinal tract due to higher concentration of gram−negative bacteria. Optional−anaerobic coliform bacilli, anaerobic bifidobacteria and fusobacteria, bacteroids, the number of which starts exceeding the one of gram−positive species, are presented in significant quantities. Distal to the ileocecal valve there are significant changes in the microflora quantitative and species composition. Obligatory anaerobic bacteria become the predominant part of microflora, exceeding the number of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. The bacterial flora in different parts of gastrointestinal tract has its own specifics and is quite constant, as a result of the interaction of many factors, regulating the bacterial population in small intestine. The most important among them are: acidity of gastric juice, normal peristaltic activity of the intestine, bacterial interactions and immune mechanisms. Disorders of the intestine motor and evacuation function with its obstruction lead to slow passage of the chyme and contamination of the upper gastrointestinal tract with new types of microbes. There is a syndrome of small intestine excessive colonization, which means an increased concentration of bacterial populations in it, similar in species composition to the colon microflora. Pathological intra−intestinal contents become a source of endogenous infection and re−infection of the patient, leads to internal digestive disorders, which is manifested by syndrome of malabsorption of proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins. Key words: acute intestinal obstruction, small intestinal microflora, conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, intestinal biocenosis.

scholarly journals A long-term survivor of clear cell sarcoma-like tumor of the gastrointestinal tract with liver metastasis: a case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuhisa Okada ◽  
Yasumitsu Hirano ◽  
Shintaro Ishikawa ◽  
Hiroka Kondo ◽  
Toshimasa Ishii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Liver Metastasis ◽  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Clear Cell ◽  
Clear Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Cell Sarcoma

Abstract Background Clear cell sarcoma-like tumor of the gastrointestinal tract (CCSLTGT) is extremely rare. It is a mesenchymal neoplasm that usually forms in the small intestine of adolescents and young adults, is prone to local recurrence and metastasis, and has a high mortality rate. We report a patient with CCSLTGT with lymph node- and liver metastases, who continues to survive 6 years after initial surgical resection. Case presentation A 38-year-old woman presented with lightheadedness. Laboratory analysis revealed anemia (hemoglobin, 6.7 g/dL), and enhanced computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a mass in the small intestine, about 6 cm in diameter, with swelling of 2 regional lymph nodes. Double-balloon small intestine endoscopic examination revealed a tumor accompanied by an ulcer; the biopsy findings suggested a primary cancer of the small intestine. She was admitted, and we then performed a laparotomy for partial resection of the small intestine with lymph node dissection. Pathologic examination revealed CCSLTGT with regional lymph node metastases. About 3 years later, follow-up CT revealed a single liver metastasis. Consequently, she underwent a laparoscopic partial liver resection. Histopathologic examination confirmed that the liver metastasis was consistent with CCSLTGT. It has now been 3 years without a recurrence. Conclusion Repeated radical surgical resection with close follow-up may be the only way to achieve long-term survival in patients with CCLSTGT.

scholarly journals Metastatic Melanoma Presenting as Intussusception in an 80-Year-Old Man: A Case Report

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Alghamdi ◽  
Yumna Omarzai
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Metastatic Melanoma ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Common Site ◽  
Neoplastic Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Uncommon Neoplasm

Malignant melanoma of the gastrointestinal tract is an uncommon neoplasm that could be primary or metastatic. Small intestine represents the most common site for the metastatic melanoma; however, it could be found anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Intussusception is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction in adults compared to children. In 90% of the cases, the underlying cause can be found, and in 65% of the cases, intussusception is caused by the neoplastic process. The majority of the neoplasms are benign, and about 15% are malignant. Metastatic melanoma is one of the most common metastatic malignancies to the gastrointestinal tract; however, the premortem diagnosis is rarely made. Here, we report an uncommon clinical presentation of metastatic melanoma causing intussusception in an 80-year-old man. This diagnosis should be considered in a differential diagnosis in any patient who presents with gastrointestinal symptoms and a history of melanoma.

WZsGreen/+: a new green fluorescent protein knock-in mouse model for the study of KIT-expressing cells in gut and cerebellum

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Wouters ◽  
Karine Smans ◽  
Jean-Marie Vanderwinden
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Green Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Transgenic Animals ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Green Fluorescent

In the small intestine, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) surrounding the myenteric plexus generate the pacemaking slow waves that are essential for an efficient intestinal transit. The underlying molecular mechanisms of the slow wave are poorly known. KIT is currently the sole practical marker for ICC. Attempts to purify living ICC have so far largely failed, due to the loss of the KIT epitope during enzymatic dissociation. Aiming to identify and isolate living ICC, we designed a knock-in strategy to express a fluorescent tag in KIT-expressing cells by inserting the sequence of the novel green fluorescent protein ZsGreen into the first exon of the c-Kit gene, creating a null allele called WZsGreen. In the gastrointestinal tract of heterozygous WZsGreen/+ mice, tiny ZsGreen fluorescent dots were observed in all KIT-expressing ICC populations, with exception of ICC at the deep muscular plexus in small intestine. During development of the gastrointestinal tract, ZsGreen expression followed KIT expression in a spatiotemporal way. Stellate and basket KIT-expressing cells in the molecular layer of the cerebellum also exhibited ZsGreen dots, whereas no ZsGreen was detected in skin, testis, and bone marrow. ZsGreen dot-containing intestinal cells could be isolated from jejunum and maintained alive in culture for at least 3 days. ZsGreen is a suitable alternative to EGFP in transgenic animals. The novel WZsGreen/+ model reported here appears to be a promising tool for live studies of KIT-expressing cells in the gastrointestinal tract and cerebellum and for the further analysis of pacemaker mechanisms.

Imprint cytology of clear cell sarcoma-like tumor of the gastrointestinal tract in the small intestine: A case report

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1137-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Kato ◽  
Shin Ichihara ◽  
Hiroko Gotoda ◽  
Shunji Muraoka ◽  
Terufumi Kubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Clear Cell ◽  
Clear Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Imprint Cytology ◽  
Cell Sarcoma

scholarly journals High gastrointestinal permeability and local metabolism of naringenin: influence of antibiotic treatment on absorption and metabolism

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiara Orrego-Lagarón ◽  
Miriam Martínez-Huélamo ◽  
Anna Vallverdú-Queralt ◽  
Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventos ◽  
Elvira Escribano-Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Perfusion Model ◽  
First Pass Metabolism ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Phase Ii Metabolites ◽  
Local Metabolism ◽  
Bile Samples ◽  
Gastrointestinal Permeability ◽  
Pass Metabolism

The present study aims to determine the permeability of naringenin in the stomach, small intestine and colon, to evaluate intestinal and hepatic first-pass metabolism, and to study the influence of the microbiota on the absorption and disposition of naringenin (3·5 μg/ml). A single-pass intestinal perfusion model in mice (n4–6) was used. Perfusate (every 10 min), blood (at 60 min) and bile samples were taken and analysed to evaluate the presence of naringenin and its metabolites by an HPLC-MS/MS method. To study the influence of the microbiota on the bioavailability of naringenin, a group of animals received the antibiotic rifaximin (50 mg/kg per d) for 5 d, and naringenin permeability was determined in the colon. Naringenin was absorbed well throughout the gastrointestinal tract but mainly in the small intestine and colon (mean permeability coefficient 7·80 (sd1·54) × 10− 4cm/s and 5·49 (sd1·86) × 10− 4cm/s, respectively), at a level similar to the highly permeable compound, naproxen (6·39 (sd1·23) × 10− 4cm/s). According to the high amounts of metabolites found in the perfusate compared to the bile and plasma, naringenin underwent extensive intestinal first-pass metabolism, and the main metabolites excreted were sulfates (84·00 (sd12·14)%), followed by glucuronides (8·40 (sd5·67)%). Phase II metabolites were found in all perfusates from 5 min of sampling. Mice treated with rifaximin showed a decrease in naringenin permeability and in the amounts of 4-hydroxyhippuric acid and hippuric acid in the lumen. Naringenin was well absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and its poor bioavailability was due mainly to high intestinal metabolism.

scholarly journals Molecular Ecological Analysis of the Succession and Diversity of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 2166-2174 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Deplancke ◽  
K. R. Hristova ◽  
H. A. Oakley ◽  
V. J. McCracken ◽  
R. Aminov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Aps Reductase ◽  
Mouse Intestine ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Old Mice

ABSTRACT Intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) growth and resultant hydrogen sulfide production may damage the gastrointestinal epithelium and thereby contribute to chronic intestinal disorders. However, the ecology and phylogenetic diversity of intestinal dissimilatory SRB populations are poorly understood, and endogenous or exogenous sources of available sulfate are not well defined. The succession of intestinal SRB was therefore compared in inbred C57BL/6J mice using a PCR-based metabolic molecular ecology (MME) approach that targets a conserved region of subunit A of the adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase gene. The APS reductase-based MME strategy revealed intestinal SRB in the stomach and small intestine of 1-, 4-, and 7-day-old mice and throughout the gastrointestinal tract of 14-, 21-, 30-, 60-, and 90-day-old mice. Phylogenetic analysis of APS reductase amplicons obtained from the stomach, middle small intestine, and cecum of neonatal mice revealed that Desulfotomaculum spp. may be a predominant SRB group in the neonatal mouse intestine. Dot blot hybridizations with SRB-specific 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) probes demonstrated SRB colonization of the cecum and colon pre- and postweaning and colonization of the stomach and small intestine of mature mice only. The 16S rDNA hybridization data further demonstrated that SRB populations were most numerous in intestinal regions harboring sulfomucin-containing goblet cells, regardless of age. Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis demonstrated APS reductase mRNA expression in all intestinal segments of 30-day-old mice, including the stomach. These results demonstrate for the first time widespread colonization of the mouse intestine by dissimilatory SRB and evidence of spatial-specific SRB populations and sulfomucin patterns along the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Changes and Effects of Dietary Oxidized Lipids in the Gastrointestinal Tract

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. LPI.S904 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Márquez-Ruiz ◽  
M.C. García-Martínez ◽  
F. Holgado
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Oxidized Lipids ◽  
Antioxidative Effects ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Enzymatic Lipolysis ◽  
Epoxy Groups

This paper is focused on the present state-of-the art of modifications and effects of dietary oxidized lipids during their transit along the gastrointestinal tract. A survey of the literature reporting changes and effects of oxidized lipids before absorption, first in the stomach and then during enzymatic lipolysis in the small intestine, are addressed. Also, the fate of non-absorbed compounds and their potential implications at the colorectal level are discussed. Among the results found, it is shown that acidic gastric conditions and the influence of other dietary components may lead to either further oxidation or antioxidative effects in the stomach. Also, changes in oxidized functions, especially of hydroperoxy and epoxy groups, seem likely to occur. Enzymatic hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase is not effective for triacylglycerol polymers, and hence they can be found as non-absorbed oxidized lipids in the large intestine. Interactions of oxidized lipids with cholesterol absorption in the small intestine and with microflora metabolism have been also observed.

scholarly journals Relative Abundance of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes in the Enterocytes of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaewon J. Lee ◽  
Scott Kopetz ◽  
Eduardo Vilar ◽  
John Paul Shen ◽  
Ken Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Single Cell Rna Sequencing ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Different Parts

COVID-19, the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread throughout the world and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, thus leading to a rapid surge in the efforts to understand the mechanisms of transmission, methods of prevention, and potential therapies. While COVID-19 frequently manifests as a respiratory infection,1 there is evidence for infection of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract1–4 with documented viral RNA shedding in the stool of infected patients.2,4 In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, which are required for SARS-CoV-2 entry into mammalian cells,5 from single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets of five different parts of the GI tract: esophagus, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, and colon/rectum.

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