AUSTRALIA’S GAS FUTURE—A RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
D. J. Whitford ◽  
J. Pullar
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Unconventional Gas ◽  
Research Opportunities ◽  
Technology Roadmap ◽  
Gas To Liquids ◽  
Energy Products

Australia’s large natural gas resource offers the prospect of a secure and competitive supply of transport, domestic and industrial fuels, lower emissions and an opportunity for significant wealth generation. Although the use of gas is growing fast, there remain significant technological hurdles that must be overcome before its full potential is realised. Many of the technical issues have a distinctive Australian dimension that demand local solutions—we cannot necessarily rely on imported technology.In consultation with industry, government and other research and development providers, CSIRO has developed a gas technology roadmap that provides the basis for an integrated research program in support of the Australian gas industry. The roadmap addresses the needs of both the conventional and unconventional gas industries and covers the value chain from exploration, production and processing, to utilisation and end use.In the context of ensuring a reliable and secure supply of competitively priced gas, two research streams have been identified, focussing on accessing remote conventional gas that is economically stranded, and unlocking Australia’s large unconventional gas resources to supply the southeast quadrant. Gas is an intrinsically cleaner fuel than oil or coal in terms of CO2 emissions and specific research opportunities in geosequestration, gas-based alternative fuels and distributed energy have been identified.Gas in the form of LNG is a fast-growing export industry enhancing Australia’s position as a leading energy exporter. There are opportunities for research and development to contribute to LNG, gas-to-liquids (GTL) fuel conversion as well as the greater use of gas for large-scale resource developments. Given the diversity and range of research opportunities, Australia has the potential to become a global leader in gas technologies with the chance to grow knowledge-based exports in addition to the export of rawfuels and embedded-energy products.

Ergonomics Interventions in Agricultural Development Projects

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (22) ◽  
pp. 620-623
Author(s):  
D H O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
World Population ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Commercial Farming ◽  
Food Needs

World population growth is demanding ever-increasing production and productivity in the agricultural industry to meet the world's food needs. Whilst the biological sciences make the major contribution through agronomy, crop protection, harvesting and storage techniques, many of the advances in these spheres of research and development do not meet their full potential because the associated human factors issues are not fully addressed. The ergonomics needs of the three major levels of agricultural enterprise - smallholder (subsistence) agriculture, small-scale commercial farming and large-scale commercial farming - are considered and the nature of appropriate interventions for each of these levels outlined. Examples of potential interventions, based on ergonomics research and development are presented.

scholarly journals Aligning Strategic Objectives with Research and Development Activities in a Soft Commodity Sector: A Technological Plan for Colombian Cocoa Producers

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Sebastián Escobar ◽  
Margareth Santander ◽  
Pilar Useche ◽  
Carlos Contreras ◽  
Jader Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Strategic Actions ◽  
Technology Roadmap ◽  
Investment Opportunities ◽  
Key Dimensions

Although Colombia has the potential to be a cocoa producer for fine flavor and high value markets, it is not greatly recognized as such. In spite of the government’s interest to position the country as a major specialty cocoa producer, no strategic actions have been taken to develop and strengthen this aspect of the value chain. This study structured a technology roadmap for the sector that identifies major research and development investment opportunities by examining the current challenges and weaknesses in key dimensions of the sector (e.g., postharvest technology, quality, capacity, and markets) that impinge on quality and add value to the product. These challenges are identified through a multidimensional and region-specific gap analysis that integrates the advances and technological trends developed worldwide as ideal practice scenarios. The findings of this study should help in prioritizing the investment of public and private resources in the sector in order to better position Colombia in the global specialty cocoa market.

The Winged Bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus: Past, Present, and Future

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Valíček
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Winged Bean ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Psophocarpus Tetragonolobus ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Large Scale Cultivation

Beans have long been an important source of human and animal nutrition, especially as a source of protein. Recently much attention has been diverted to the possible large-scale cultivation of the winged bean, especially in developing countries. It has many alternative properties, not least of which is that almost the entire plant can be utilized. This article reviews the present status of the crop and the research and development needed for it to achieve its full potential.

scholarly journals Transnational cooperation to develop local barley to beer value chains

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-149
Author(s):  
Hilde Halland ◽  
Peter Martin ◽  
Sigridur Dalmannsdóttir ◽  
Sæmundur Sveinsson ◽  
Rólvur Djurhuus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Stakeholder Involvement ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
Transnational Cooperation ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Grain Products

AbstractTransnational cooperation is a common strategy for addressing research and development (R&D) issues resulting from similar challenges that cut across administrative borders. Value chains for food and drinks are complex, and transdisciplinary work is recognised as a method for solving complex issues. The Northern Cereals project ran from 2015 to 2018, and its goal was to increase cereal production and the value of grain products in four regions in the Northern Periphery programme area. The project included both R&D, but the main emphasis was on development, and was carried out by transdisciplinary cooperation between R&D partners and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). By reviewing the project’s methods, outcomes and composition, we discuss if a framework of transnational and transdisciplinary cooperation can help to develop the value chain from local barley to beer. We found that transnational cooperation was achieved successfully, that stakeholder involvement was crucial, but that academic disciplines such as marketing and innovation could have been included. In addition, we recognised that much work remains to further increase cereal production and the use of local grain in the Northern Periphery region, but believe that this project has laid a good foundation for further progress.

scholarly journals Future Power Train Solutions for Long-Haul Trucks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2225
Author(s):  
Ralf Peters ◽  
Janos Lucian Breuer ◽  
Maximilian Decker ◽  
Thomas Grube ◽  
Martin Robinius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

Achieving the CO2 reduction targets for 2050 requires extensive measures being undertaken in all sectors. In contrast to energy generation, the transport sector has not yet been able to achieve a substantive reduction in CO2 emissions. Measures for the ever more pressing reduction in CO2 emissions from transportation include the increased use of electric vehicles powered by batteries or fuel cells. The use of fuel cells requires the production of hydrogen and the establishment of a corresponding hydrogen production system and associated infrastructure. Synthetic fuels made using carbon dioxide and sustainably-produced hydrogen can be used in the existing infrastructure and will reach the extant vehicle fleet in the medium term. All three options require a major expansion of the generation capacities for renewable electricity. Moreover, various options for road freight transport with light duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) are analyzed and compared. In addition to efficiency throughout the entire value chain, well-to-wheel efficiency and also other aspects play an important role in this comparison. These include: (a) the possibility of large-scale energy storage in the sense of so-called ‘sector coupling’, which is offered only by hydrogen and synthetic energy sources; (b) the use of the existing fueling station infrastructure and the applicability of the new technology on the existing fleet; (c) fulfilling the power and range requirements of the long-distance road transport.

scholarly journals Graphene-Based Artificial Synapses with Tunable Plasticity

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
He Wang ◽  
Nicoleta Cucu Laurenciu ◽  
Yande Jiang ◽  
Sorin Cotofana
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Synaptic Weight ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Back Gate ◽  
Input Spike

Design and implementation of artificial neuromorphic systems able to provide brain akin computation and/or bio-compatible interfacing ability are crucial for understanding the human brain’s complex functionality and unleashing brain-inspired computation’s full potential. To this end, the realization of energy-efficient, low-area, and bio-compatible artificial synapses, which sustain the signal transmission between neurons, is of particular interest for any large-scale neuromorphic system. Graphene is a prime candidate material with excellent electronic properties, atomic dimensions, and low-energy envelope perspectives, which was already proven effective for logic gates implementations. Furthermore, distinct from any other materials used in current artificial synapse implementations, graphene is biocompatible, which offers perspectives for neural interfaces. In view of this, we investigate the feasibility of graphene-based synapses to emulate various synaptic plasticity behaviors and look into their potential area and energy consumption for large-scale implementations. In this article, we propose a generic graphene-based synapse structure, which can emulate the fundamental synaptic functionalities, i.e., Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP) and Long-Term Plasticity . Additionally, the graphene synapse is programable by means of back-gate bias voltage and can exhibit both excitatory or inhibitory behavior. We investigate its capability to obtain different potentiation/depression time scale for STDP with identical synaptic weight change amplitude when the input spike duration varies. Our simulation results, for various synaptic plasticities, indicate that a maximum 30% synaptic weight change and potentiation/depression time scale range from [-1.5 ms, 1.1 ms to [-32.2 ms, 24.1 ms] are achievable. We further explore the effect of our proposal at the Spiking Neural Network (SNN) level by performing NEST-based simulations of a small SNN implemented with 5 leaky-integrate-and-fire neurons connected via graphene-based synapses. Our experiments indicate that the number of SNN firing events exhibits a strong connection with the synaptic plasticity type, and monotonously varies with respect to the input spike frequency. Moreover, for graphene-based Hebbian STDP and spike duration of 20ms we obtain an SNN behavior relatively similar with the one provided by the same SNN with biological STDP. The proposed graphene-based synapse requires a small area (max. 30 nm 2 ), operates at low voltage (200 mV), and can emulate various plasticity types, which makes it an outstanding candidate for implementing large-scale brain-inspired computation systems.

scholarly journals Interdisciplinary Analysis of Social Acceptance Regarding Electric Vehicles with a Focus on Charging Infrastructure and Driving Range in Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Amelie Burkert ◽  
Heiko Fechtner ◽  
Benedikt Schmuelling
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Electric Mobility ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Driving Range

A variety of measures are currently being taken on both the national and international levels in order to mitigate the negative effects of climate change. The promotion of electric mobility is one such measure for the transport sector. As a key component in a more environmentally-friendly, resource-saving, and efficient transport sector, electric mobility promises to create better sustainability. Several challenges still need to be met to exploit its full potential. This requires adapting the car technology, the value chain of vehicles, loads on the electricity network, the power generation for the drive, traffic, and charging infrastructure. The challenges to this endeavor are not only technical in nature, but they also include social acceptance, concerns, and economic, as well as ecological, aspects. This paper seeks to discuss and elucidate these problems, giving special focus to the issues of driving range, phenomenon of range anxiety, charging time, and complexity of the charging infrastructure in Germany. Finally, the development of social acceptance in Germany from 2011 to 2020 is investigated.

Structure Controlled Synthesis of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Using Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition Process

2010 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung Gwan Hahm ◽  
Young-Kyun Kwon ◽  
Ahmed Busnaina ◽  
Yung Joon Jung
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Controlled Synthesis ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Vertically Aligned ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Due to their unique one-dimensional nanostructure along with excellent mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) become a promising material for diverse nanotechnology applications. However, large-scale and structure controlled synthesis of CNTs still have many difficulties due to the lack of understanding of the fundamental growth mechanism of CNTs, as well as the difficulty of controlling atomic-scale physical and chemical reactions during the nanotube growth process. Especially, controlling the number of graphene wall, diameter, and chirality of CNTs are the most important issues that need to be solved to harness the full potential of CNTs. Here we report the large-scale selective synthesis of vertically aligned single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and double walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) by controlling the size of catalyst nanoparticles in the highly effective oxygen assisted thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. We also demonstrate a simple but powerful strategy for synthesizing ultrahigh density and diameter selected vertically aligned SWNTs through the precise control of carbon flow during a thermal CVD process.

Degradation Mode of PBAT Mulching Film and Control Methods During Its Degradation Induction Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runmeng Qiao ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Guangjiong Qin ◽  
Jialei Liu ◽  
Aocheng Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Biodegradable Polymers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Plastic Mulching ◽  
Controllable Degradation ◽  
Mulching Film ◽  
Agricultural Film

: The plastic film plays an important role in China's agricultural production. However, the large-scale use of plastic film has also produced a very serious problem of agricultural film pollution. Biodegradable polymers have attracted much attention because of the environmental pollution caused by traditional plastic mulching film. The most typical one is poly (butylene adipate co butylene terephthalate, PBAT). Poly (Butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate) (PBAT) is a kind of aliphatic–aromatic polyesters with excellent biodegradability and mechanical processing properties. Therefore, it has been rapidly developed and widely used in the industry. However, there are clear requirements for the degradation period of agricultural film. At present, the degradable materials available on the market are difficult to meet the requirements of all crops for their degradation period. In this paper, the basic properties，degradation process and ways to delay the degradation of PBAT are reviewed to improve the degradation period of plastic film prepared by using this kind of material. Among them, the degradation process includes photodegradation, biodegradation and hydrolysis. The ways to delay the degradation include adding chain extender, light stabilizer, anti-hydrolysis agent and antibacterial agent. These can provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of biodegradable film with controllable degradation cycle. The future research and development of biodegradable polymers mainly focus on controllable degradation rate, stable degradation cycle, new materials and reducing research and development costs.

The future of the Internet of Things: toward heterarchical ecosystems and service business models

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 749-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seppo Leminen ◽  
Mervi Rajahonka ◽  
Mika Westerlund ◽  
Robert Wendelin
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Business Models ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Industry Collaboration ◽  
New Business ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Purpose This study aims to understand their emergence and types of business models in the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems. Design/methodology/approach The paper builds upon a systematic literature review of IoT ecosystems and business models to construct a conceptual framework on IoT business models, and uses qualitative research methods to analyze seven industry cases. Findings The study identifies four types of IoT business models: value chain efficiency, industry collaboration, horizontal market and platform. Moreover, it discusses three evolutionary paths of new business model emergence: opening up the ecosystem for industry collaboration, replicating the solution in multiple services and return to closed ecosystem as technology matures. Research limitations/implications Identifying business models in rapidly evolving fields such as the IoT based on a small number of case studies may result in biased findings compared to large-scale surveys and globally distributed samples. However, it provides more thorough interpretations. Practical implications The study provides a framework for analyzing the types and emergence of IoT business models, and forwards the concept of “value design” as an ecosystem business model. Originality/value This paper identifies four archetypical IoT business models based on a novel framework that is independent of any specific industry, and argues that IoT business models follow an evolutionary path from closed to open, and reversely to closed ecosystems, and the value created in the networks of organizations and things will be shareable value rather than exchange value.

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