Flooding tolerance in five populations of Lotus glaber Mill. (Syn. Lotus tenuis Waldst. et. Kit.)

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. R. Vignolio ◽  
O. N. Fernández ◽  
N. O. Maceira
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Flooding Tolerance ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Flooding Pampa ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Stem Leaf ◽  
Lotus Glaber

Lotus glaber Mill. is a herbaceous legume, tolerant to flooding, that in a few decades has colonised the Flooding Pampa grasslands, an extensive wetland of 90 000 km in central-east Argentina. In this study, the growth and nodulation of flooded plants in 5 local populations were evaluated. Thirty-day-old seedlings, grown in pots, were flooded outdoors during 4 months. Stem, leaf, and root biomass, as well as the number of nodules per plant, were lower in flooded plants than in non-flooded ones. In flooded plants, the submerged portions of stems were hypertrophied and populations differed in the proportion of plants with adventitious roots. Flood tolerance was significantly related to the proportion of plants with adventitious roots in stems of each population. A positive relationship was shown between the proportion of plants with adventitious root and number of nodules per plant. The plants were also tolerant of low temperatures and ice-sheeting of water. These results underline the importance of morphological adaptations related to the maintenance of plant functionality under flooding conditions. The results provide evidence of the existence of characters related to flooding tolerance, which should be taken into account in ecological studies and agronomic selection programs

Differential responses of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) to ascochyta blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes): rating disease in the field

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Wroth ◽  
T. N. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Flooding Tolerance ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Flooding Pampa ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Stem Leaf ◽  
Lotus Glaber

Lotus glaber Mill. is a herbaceous legume, tolerant to flooding, that in a few decades has colonised the Flooding Pampa grasslands, an extensive wetland of 90 000 km in central-east Argentina. In this study, the growth and nodulation of flooded plants in 5 local populations were evaluated. Thirty-day-old seedlings, grown in pots, were flooded outdoors during 4 months. Stem, leaf, and root biomass, as well as the number of nodules per plant, were lower in flooded plants than in non-flooded ones. In flooded plants, the submerged portions of stems were hypertrophied and populations differed in the proportion of plants with adventitious roots. Flood tolerance was significantly related to the proportion of plants with adventitious roots in stems of each population. A positive relationship was shown between the proportion of plants with adventitious root and number of nodules per plant. The plants were also tolerant of low temperatures and ice-sheeting of water. These results underline the importance of morphological adaptations related to the maintenance of plant functionality under flooding conditions. The results provide evidence of the existence of characters related to flooding tolerance, which should be taken into account in ecological studies and agronomic selection programs.

Infection of adventitious roots of Agrostis palustris by Pythium species at different temperature regimes

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton F. Hodges ◽  
Douglas A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Pythium Species ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Pythium Arrhenomanes ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Disease Complexes

Pathogenicity of several isolates of Pythium species to the adventitious roots of Agrostis palustris was evaluated at high (35:24, light:dark) and low (24:13 °C, light:dark) temperature regimes. Isolates of P. graminicola–arrhenomanes, P. rostratum, P. torulosum, P. vanterpoolii, and one unclassified species were evaluated. All isolates of all species infected roots. Some isolates of P. graminicola–arrhenomanes (PGA-5), P. torulosum (PT-1, PT-2, PT-3, PT-5), P. vanterpoolii (PV-1), and an unclassified species (UP-1) infected roots and decreased dry weight at both the high and low temperature regimes. Other isolates of P. graminicola–arrhenomanes (PGA-1, PGA-2, PGA-4, PGA-6, PGA-7) and P. torulosum (PT-4) infected roots and decreased dry weight only at the high temperatures. Isolate PGA-7 of P. graminicola–arrhenomanes also stimulated plant growth at low temperatures. The remaining isolates of P. graminicola–arrhenomanes (PGA-3), P. rostratum (PR-1), and P. vanterpoolii (PV-2) infected roots and decreased dry weight only at the low temperatures. Infection of roots was limited to root hairs, root tips, and epidermal and cortical tissues. The observations are discussed relative to the function of Pythium species as minor root pathogens and their potential function in disease complexes. Key words: disease complexes, infection, minor pathogens, pathogenesis, pathogenicity, Pythium arrhenomanes, P. graminicola, P. graminicola–arrhenomanes, P. rostratum, P. torulosum, P. vanterpoolii.

Physiological adaptations of Hymenachne amplexicaulis to flooding

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kibbler ◽  
L. M. Bahnisch
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation ◽  
Galvanised Steel ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Steel Tanks ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Rapid Elongation ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
Stem Leaf

The introduced grass Hymenachne amplexicaulis has been established for use in ponded pastures in Central Queensland. However, its ability to out compete native species and invade wetlands makes it a potential weed. To determine the characteristics that make it a successful ponded pasture species, the adaptation of H. amplexicaulis to flooding has been investigated. The growth and development of H. amplexicaulis under flooded and non-flooded conditions was compared in a series of experiments carried out in three 2 m high galvanised steel tanks. Leaf, stem and root sections were taken to determine the timing and extent of aerenchyma formation. The effect of flooding on the pattern and distribution of growth was also determined. Hymenachne amplexicaulis is adapted to flooding because it has the capacity for rapid elongation of the stem and the formation of adventitious roots. Aerenchyma was present in stem, leaf and root tissues in both flooded and non-flooded plants. The aerenchyma would provide buoyancy as well as aiding the circulation of gases. When the plants were flooded, submerged leaves senesced rapidly and the previously exposed, but now submerged nodes produced adventitious roots. Under flooding, the growth of leaves increased at the expense of the roots, presumably maintaining the effective photosynthetic leaf area. The implications and limitations of these adaptations are discussed.

scholarly journals Colchicine Mutagenesis from Long-term Cultured Adventitious Roots Increases Biomass and Ginsenoside Production in Wild Ginseng (Panax ginseng Mayer)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim-Cuong Le ◽  
Thanh-Tam Ho ◽  
Jong-Du Lee ◽  
Kee-Yoeup Paek ◽  
So-Young Park
Keyword(s):  
Panax Ginseng ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Bioreactor Culture ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Ginsenoside Content ◽  
Mutant Lines

Panax ginseng Mayer is a perennial herb that has been used as a medicinal plant in Eastern Asia for thousands of years. The aim of this study was to enhance root biomass and ginsenoside content in cultured adventitious roots by colchicine mutagenesis. Adventitious P. ginseng roots were treated with colchicine at different concentrations (100, 200, and 300 mg·L−1) and for different durations (1, 2, and 3 days). Genetic variability of mutant lines was assessed using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Ginsenoside biosynthesis gene expression, ginsenoside content, enzyme activities, and performance in bioreactor culture were assessed in four mutant lines (100–1-2, 100–1-18, 300–1-16, and 300–2-8). The results showed that ginsenoside productivity was enhanced in all mutant lines, with mutant 100–1-18 exhibiting the most pronounced increase (4.8-fold higher than the control). Expression of some ginsenoside biosynthetic enzymes was elevated in mutant lines. Enzyme activities varied among lines, and lipid peroxidation activity correlated with root biomass. All four lines were suitable for bioreactor cultivation, with mutant 100–1-18 exhibiting the highest biomass after culture scale-up. The results indicated that colchicine mutagenesis of P. ginseng roots increased biomass and ginsenosides production. This technique, and the root lines produced in this study, may be used to increase industrial yields of P. ginseng biomass and ginsenosides.

Epidemiological Studies in Psychosomatic Medicine

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Eastwood
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychosomatic Medicine ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Physical Disorder ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Psychosomatic Disorders ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Ecological View

The epidemiological triad of host, agent and environment used conceptually in infectious disease may serve as a model for psychosomatic disorders, despite the involvement of many more variables. There are major problems with diagnosis and measurement, however, and the term “psychosomatic” has several meanings. The two main senses are “specific” psychosomatic disorders and an ecological view of illness. The association between psychiatric and physical disorder has been examined in a variety of settings and the findings have suggested that there is a positive relationship. Despite considerable methodological and sampling difficulties in epidemiological research into psychosomatic illness, recent efforts have been made to overcome these. The results of ecological studies appear to be more consistent that those dealing with “specific” psychosomatic disorders and suggest that man has a general psychophysical propensity to disease. Although physical and mental illness do seem to be intimately linked, the reasons for “vulnerability” to illness and “clustering” of illness are obscure. The clarification of these areas appears to be the main task ahead for epidemiology in the field of psychosomatic medicine.

scholarly journals Influence of Ambient UV-A and UV-B on Growth, Chlorosis, and Flavonoid Content of Cucumber

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 898C-898
Author(s):  
Donald T. Krizek ◽  
Roman M. Mirecki ◽  
Steven J. Britz
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Solar Uv ◽  
Extreme Sensitivity ◽  
Stem Leaf ◽  
Uv Exclusion

The influence of ambient UV radiation on growth, chlorosis, and flavonoid content was examined in four cultivars of cucumber (`Ashley', `Poinsett', `Marketmore', and `Salad Bush'). Plants were grown from seed in UV exclusion chambers consisting of UV transmitting plexiglass (10% T, 285 nm), lined with 3- or 5-mil Llumar (10% T, 399 or 404 nm) to exclude UV-A and UV-B, 5-mil polyester (10%T, 319 nm) to exclude UVB, or cellulose acetate (10% T, 291 nm) to transmit UV-A and UV-B. Plants were grown in 15 cm plastic pots containing vermiculite and were fertilized daily with nutrient solution. Despite their differential sensitivity to supplemental UV-B radiation, all four cultivars responded similarly to the exclusion treatments. After 19 to 21 days, plants grown under ambient UV-A and UV-B generally had less stem, leaf, and root biomass and less total height and total leaf area than those grown under conditions in which UV-A and UV-B or only UV-B was excluded. Flavonoid content, leaf number, and floral development were unaffected by UV. These findings demonstrate the extreme sensitivity of cucumber to current levels of solar UV radiation.

scholarly journals Enforced Early Development of Adventitious Roots Increases Flooding Tolerance in Soybean.

2003 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang-hong LEE ◽  
Sang Won PARK ◽  
Yong Woong KWON
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Flooding Tolerance

scholarly journals Understanding a Mechanistic Basis of ABA Involvement in Plant Adaptation to Soil Flooding: The Current Standing

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1982
Author(s):  
Yancui Zhao ◽  
Wenying Zhang ◽  
Salah Fatouh Abou-Elwafa ◽  
Sergey Shabala ◽  
Le Xu
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Flooding Tolerance ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Critical Signal ◽  
Soil Flooding ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Physiological Adjustments ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Made In

Soil flooding severely impairs agricultural crop production. Plants can cope with flooding conditions by embracing an orchestrated set of morphological adaptations and physiological adjustments that are regulated by the elaborated hormonal signaling network. The most prominent of these hormones is ethylene, which has been firmly established as a critical signal in flooding tolerance. ABA (abscisic acid) is also known as a “stress hormone” that modulates various responses to abiotic stresses; however, its role in flooding tolerance remains much less established. Here, we discuss the progress made in the elucidation of morphological adaptations regulated by ABA and its crosstalk with other phytohormones under flooding conditions in model plants and agriculturally important crops.

scholarly journals Bioinvasion of Tradescantia zebrina Heynh. (Commelinaceae) in uplands, State of Paraíba, Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Brígida Candeia Ribeiro ◽  
Juliano Ricardo Fabricante ◽  
Manoel Bandeira de Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Invader Species ◽  
Evaluation Time ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Adequate Management

The study of invader species and their consequences to the environment represents an important reinforcement to the knowledge of environmental preservation. This work aimed to evaluate the invasive aspects of Tradescantia zebrina Heynh., subsidizing information to their adequate management or control. The study area is compound by a Open Ombrophylous Forest in the Municipality of Areia, Paraíba State, Brazil. The evaluated variables were populational density, biomass, biometry, invasion velocity and impacts of species under resilience of native vegetation. The results found density of 627 +/- 16 individuals/m2, (mean +/- standard deviation), 25.9 +/- 68 cm length and 0.21 +/- 0.03 cm de diameter with positive relationship between both variables (r = 0.24; t = 2.4; p = 0.02) and biomass of 16.9 g (leaves), 10.6 g (stems) and 1.3 g (roots) for each 100 sampled individuals, being that in each m2, reached to have 18.8 +/- 5,1 g leaf biomass, 22.4 +/- 7.6 g stem biomass and 3.4 +/- 1.3 g root biomass. The population showed a rapid expansion occupying 0.30 +/- 0.09 m2 after seven days and 0.51 +/- 0.15 m2 in eighty four days. Parcels without the invader species (SE) showed expansive accumulation of individuals throughout the evaluation time, while in the parcels with the species (CE) the number of individuals exhibit few changes (p = 0.021 and H = 5.327). The results exhibit the biological invasion in the UFPB Campus II by T. zebrina, represents a threat to the local biodiversity due to its aggressive invasive behavior.

scholarly journals Effects of Soil Compaction and Flooding on the Growth of 12 Willow (Salix L.) Species

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia A. Kuzovkina ◽  
Michael Knee ◽  
Martin F. Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Principal Finding ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Negative Gravitropism

Abstract Responses to soil compaction and flooding by 12 Salix species were studied in small mesocosms in a greenhouse over a period of 8 weeks. Two independent experiments were conducted: response of rooted cuttings to soil compaction and response of the same species to three weeks of flooding. Soil atmosphere was analyzed in all treatments. Regardless of level of compaction, oxygen levels were stable and close to atmospheric proportions. However, concentration of carbon dioxide gradually increased in compacted treatments and was the highest in the most compacted soil. Concentration of ethylene remained more or less stable in the compaction treatments. In the flooding treatments a significant decrease of oxygen concentration (9.1%), and significant increases of carbon dioxide (2.15%) and ethylene (1.57μl/liter) took place. All species except S. amygdaloides produced equal or higher biomass in compacted soil compared to a control. Flooding had little effect on the growth of above or below ground parts for most species. Anaerobic conditions triggered a wide range of morphological adaptations: lenticel hypertrophy, formation of adventitious roots (including roots with enhanced aerenchyma), roots growing along the water surface, and roots exhibiting negative gravitropism. Our principal finding was that neither soil compaction nor flooding caused significant reduction in growth of willows.

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