Variation in yield of narrow-leafed lupin caused by terminal drought

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles Dracup ◽  
Mark A. Reader ◽  
Jairo A. Palta
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Yield Variability ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Green Area

Narrow-leafed lupin is a rain-fed crop in southern Australia whose yields are limited by the amount and distribution of rainfall. Drought terminates the growing season, and the timing and intensity of development of this (terminal) drought is a likely cause of much yield variability. We investigated this yield variability by manipulating terminal drought with trickle irrigation. Despite comparatively high crop dry mass of nearly 9 t/ha in the absence of irrigation, seed yield was only 1·2 t/ha with a harvest index of only 14%. Delaying the terminal drought and thus prolonging the period for crop ripening raised crop dry mass by 18-42%, with large increases in harvest index and seed yields, which rose by 45-75% and 95-135%, respectively. Pod set started 110 days after sowing (DAS) but appreciable pod filling did not start until 140 DAS, by which time, in the unirrigated treatment, only about 15% of the plant-available soil water remained, leaf diffusive conductance had fallen by 75%, and leaf water potential was -1·7 MPa. Leaf senescence and abscission had already begun; in the control treatment only 25% of the green area remained at 150 DAS, when net vegetative growth ceased and appreciable seed filling began. During irrigation, plant-available soil water was maintained at 35-70% of that at field capacity, with correspondingly better plant water relations. Pod and seed filling started at the same times as in the unirrigated control, and vegetative growth ceased at the same time. However, green area declined more slowly and reproductive growth continued for longer and at a faster rate. Yields were highly correlated with the number of productive pods (and seeds) at maturity, which in turn was associated with pod survival rather than pod set. Irrigation increased the number of surviving pods and seeds, both of which sometimes aborted at comparatively late stages of filling. Average seed weights were stable across treatments, except where there was a period of drought before irrigation, in which case seeds were heavier, compensating for prior loss of pods. It is argued that a better ideotype for the Mediterranean environment of southern Australia would switch to reproductive growth earlier, before severe water deficit develops, and with less overlap between vegetative and reproductive growth.

Yield and Reproductive Growth of Simulated and Field‐Grown Soybean I. Seed‐Filling Duration 1

Crop Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 966-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis R. Salado‐Navarro ◽  
Thomas R. Sinclair ◽  
Kuell Hinson
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Seed Filling

Numerical routine for soil water dynamics from trickle irrigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 371-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángel del Vigo ◽  
Sergio Zubelzu ◽  
Luis Juana
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Soil Water Dynamics

scholarly journals PRODUÇÃO E PÓS-COLHEITA DE DUAS CULTIVARES DE CEBOLA EM FUNÇÃO DA AGUA NO SOLO

Irriga ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-710
Author(s):  
Renato Carvalho Vilas Boas ◽  
Geraldo Magela Pereira ◽  
Joaquim Alves Lima Junior ◽  
Cândido Ferreira Oliveira Neto ◽  
Andre Luiz Pereira Silva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Allium Cepa L

 PRODUÇÃO E PÓS-COLHEITA DE DUAS CULTIVARES DE CEBOLA EM FUNÇÃO DA AGUA NO SOLO  RENATO CARVALHO VILAS BOAS1; GERALDO MAGELA PEREIRA2; JOAQUIM ALVES DE LIMA JUNIOR3; CÂNDIDO FERREIRA OLIVEIRA NETO4 E ANDRE LUIZ PEREIRA SILVA5 1Engº Agrícola, Doutor, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola-DEG/Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA/Lavras – MG, Fone: (35) 38291389, [email protected]º Agrícola, Prof. Doutor, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola-DEG/Universidade Federal de Lavras -UFLA/Lavras – MG, Fone: (35) 38291389, [email protected]º Agrônomo, Prof. Doutor, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA/Campus Capanema – PA, Fone: (91) 98160-6563, [email protected]º Agrônomo, Prof. Doutor, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA/Campus Belém – PA, Fone:(91) 99148-7454, [email protected]º Agrônomo, Doutor, Universidade Estadual Paulista –UNESP/Jaboticabal – SP, Fone: (91) 98345-4940, [email protected]  1 RESUMO Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito de tensões da água no solo sobre a produção, classificação, teor de matéria seca e perda de massa de bulbos comerciais de duas cultivares de cebola, irrigadas por gotejamento. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Agricultura da Universidade Federal de Lavras com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 6, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de duas cultivares de cebola, cultivar híbrida Optima F1 e cultivar não  híbrida Alfa Tropical, e seis tensões da água no solo, 15, 25, 35, 45, 60 e 75 kPa. Com os resultados concluiu-se que o híbrido Optima F1 apresentou melhores respostas com relação às seguintes características analisadas: produtividade de bulbos comerciais e massa média de bulbos comerciais. A cultivar Alfa apresentou maior teor de matéria seca e maior perda de massa durante o período de pós-colheita. Considerando o intervalo estudado (15 a 75 kPa), em ambas as cultivares deve-se irrigar no momento em que a tensão da água no solo estiver em torno de 15 kPa, na profundidade de 0,15 m, visando à obtenção de plantas mais produtivas, bulbos maiores e maior massa média de bulbos comerciais. Palavras-chave: Allium cepa L., irrigação localizada, tensão da água no solo  VILAS BOAS,R. C; PEREIRA, G. M.; LIMA JUNIOR, J. A.; OLIVEIRA NETO, C. F. E SILVA, A. L. P. PRODUCTION AND POST- HARVEST OF TWO ONION CULTIVARS IN FUNCTION OF SOIL WATER  2 ABSTRACT This work aimed at assessing the effect of different water tensions in soil on the development and production of two onion cultivars irrigated by drip system. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of DAG/UFLA, from June to October 2008. The experimental design used was randomized block in factorial scheme 2 x 6, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised two onion cultivars, the hybrid Optima F1 and the non hybrid Alfa Tropical and six water tensions in the soil, i.e., 15, 25, 35, 45, 60 and 75 kPa.      The Optima Hybrid F1 presented the best answers regarding the following characteristics: yield of commercial bulbs and average mass of commercial bulbs . The cultivar Alfa showed higher dry matter content and increased mass loss during the post- harvest period. Considering the range studied ( 15 to 75 kPa) both cultivars should be irrigated when the water pressure in the soil is about 15 kPa at a depth of 0.15 m, in order to obtain more productive plants, larger bulbs and highest average mass of commercial bulbs . Keywords: Allium cepa L., trickle irrigation, soil water tension  

Cropping frequency, wheat classes and flexible rotations: Effects on production, nitrogen economy, and water use in a Brown Chernozem

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
B. G. McConkey ◽  
P. G. Jefferson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Nitrogen Yield ◽  
Cropping Frequency ◽  
N Yield ◽  
N Concentration

Producers in the semiarid Canadian prairies rely on frequent summerfallowing (F) to conserve water, control weed infestations, and maximize soil mineral N reserves, but this practice often results in soil degradation. A crop rotation experiment was initiated in 1987 on a medium-textured, Orthic Brown Chernozem at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, to determine the most ideal cropping frequency for wheat in this region and whether a fixed rotation such as fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - wheat (F-W-W) or F-W-W-W would be more effective than flexible rotations in which fallowing is decided each spring based on criteria such as available soil water (if water), or the need to control perennial weed infestations (if weeds). The study also compared the production of traditional Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat class with the newer higher-yielding (Hy), Canada Prairie Spring (CPS) wheat class. We analyzed results of six rotations over the first 12 yr of the study. The rotations included F-W-W, F-W-W-W, F-Hy-Hy, Continuous wheat (Cont W), Cont W (if weeds), and Cont W (if water). Reduced tillage management was used and stubble was cut tall to enhance snowtrap. Fertilizer N was applied based on soil tests and fertilizer P was applied based on the general recommendations for the region. Over the 1988–1999 period, weather conditions were generally favourable and yields were above average for this region. Canada Prairie Spring wheat outyielded CWRS by 32% when grown on fallow and by 17% when grown on stubble; however, straw yields of the two wheat classes were similar on fallow and CPS was 11% less than CWRS on stubble. Harvest index (HI) averaged 44% for CPS and 37% for CWRS wheat. Water use efficiency for CWRS wheat grown on fallow averaged 7.2 kg ha-1 mm-1 and for CPS 9.4; when grown on stubble the respective values were 6.3 and 7.5 kg ha-1 mm-1. Grain N concentration for CWRS was slightly higher for wheat grown on fallow (25.7 g kg-1) than on stubble (24.5 g kg-1), but was similar for CPS wheat on grown on fallow and stubble (21.9 g kg-1). Straw N concentration averaged 3.8 g kg-1 for CWRS and 4.4 g kg-1 for CPS. Nitrogen yield for grain from CPS was 9% greater than from CWRS when grown on fallow, but there was no effect of wheat class when grown on stubble. Nitrogen yield of CPS straw was 15% greater than for CWRS when grown on fallow, but on stubble N yield was generally not affected by wheat class. Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) averaged about 80% for both wheat classes, whether grown on fallow or stubble. On a rotation basis, grain produced with F-W-W was 1502 kg ha-1 yr-1. The F-W-W-W and Cont W (if weeds) rotations produced 9% more grain than F-W-W, while Cont W (if water) produced 24% more, F-Hy-Hy produced 26% more, and Cont W produced 30% more than F-W-W. Nitrogen production in the grain, straw and aboveground plant material was lowest in F-W-W, highest in Cont W, and intermediate for other rotations. Although the economic and soil quality assessments have yet to be completed, a preliminary conclusion based on crop production characteristics alone suggests that a flexible cropping system in which available soil water in spring is used as the determining criterion is superior to a fixed F-W-W or F-W-W-W rotation. Key words: Yield, N concentration, N yield, water deficit, wheat classes, regressions

scholarly journals Optimum time of sowing for rainfed winter chickpea with one-pass mechanised row-sowing: an example for small-holder farms in north-west Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 602 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Vance ◽  
R. W. Bell ◽  
C. Johansen ◽  
M. E. Haque ◽  
A. M. Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
North West ◽  
Sowing Dates

The time of sowing chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the High Barind Tract of north-west Bangladesh is critical to crop success. To ensure adequate emergence and subsequent crop growth, chickpea relies on residual soil moisture stored in the profile after rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in the preceding rainy season. With the development of mechanised, one-pass minimum tillage sowing, the time between rice harvest and chickpea sowing is decreased, and temperature constraints that limit biomass and/or pod formation and filling may be avoided. Minimum tillage may also limit evaporation from the soil surface compared with traditional, full cultivation procedures. The objective of this study was to identify the optimum sowing time to achieve adequate crop establishment and limit exposure of the chickpea crop to terminal drought and heat stress later in the growing season. Over three experimental seasons, chickpea sowing dates were spread from 22 November to 22 December. Soil water content, crop growth and temperature were monitored to determine the optimum sowing time. Over all seasons and sowing dates, the volumetric soil water content in the seedbed under minimum tillage remained within 17–34%, a range non-limiting for chickpea establishment in glasshouse and field experiments. Late planting (after 10 December) exposed seedlings to low temperatures (<15°C), which limited biomass formation and extended the vegetative growth phase into periods with high maximum temperatures (>35°C), resulting in unfilled pods and depressed grain yield. The preferred sowing time was determined to be 30 November to 10 December to reduce the risk of high temperatures and low soil water content during chickpea reproductive growth causing terminal heat and drought stress, respectively. Mechanised sowing in one operation allows farmers to optimise their time of sowing to match seed requirements for soil water at emergence and may assist farmers to avoid temperature stresses (both low and high) that constrain chickpea vegetative and reproductive growth.

scholarly journals Evidence for genotypic differences among elite lines of common bean in the ability to remobilize photosynthate to increase yield under drought

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. RAO ◽  
S. E. BEEBE ◽  
J. POLANIA ◽  
M. GRAJALES ◽  
C. CAJIAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Wild Bean ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Terminal Drought Stress ◽  
Pod Harvest Index

SUMMARYCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume for human consumption. Drought stress is the major abiotic stress limitation of bean yields in smallholder farming systems worldwide. The current work aimed to determine the role of enhanced photosynthate mobilization to improve adaptation to intermittent and terminal drought stress and to identify a few key adaptive traits that can be used for developing drought-resistant genotypes. Field studies were conducted over three seasons at Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Palmira, Colombia to determine genotypic differences in adaptation to intermittent (two seasons) and terminal (one season) drought stress compared with irrigated conditions. A set of 36 genotypes, including 33 common bean, two wild bean and one cowpea were evaluated using a 6 × 6 lattice design under irrigated and rainfed field conditions. Three common bean elite lines (NCB 226, SEN 56, SER 125) were identified with superior levels of adaptation to both intermittent and terminal drought stress conditions. The greater performance of these lines under drought stress was associated with their ability to remobilize photosynthate to increase grain yield based on higher values of harvest index, pod harvest index, leaf area index and canopy biomass. Two wild bean germplasm accessions (G 19902, G 24390) showed very poor adaptation to both types of drought stress. One small-seeded black line (NCB 226) was superior in combining greater values of canopy biomass with greater ability to mobilize photosynthates to grain under both types of drought stress. Two small-seeded red lines (SER 78, SER 125) seem to combine the desirable traits of enhanced mobilization of photosynthates to seed with effective use of water through canopy cooling under terminal drought stress. Pod harvest index showed significant positive association with grain yield under both types of drought stress and this trait can be used by breeders as an additional selection method to grain yield in evaluation of breeding populations for both types of drought stress.

Effects of Limb Girdling on Growth and Development of Competing Fruit and Vegetative Tissues of Peach Trees

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Dann ◽  
RA Wildes ◽  
DJ Chalmers
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Vegetative Tissues ◽  
Peach Trees

The distribution of current assimilates between competing zones of potential growth in the peach tree (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) was studied using limb girdling, which altered the balance between reproductive growth and vegetative growth in a similar manner to the aging process. Fruit matured earlier, and leaf senescence and abscission were advanced in girdled limbs. which supported normal fruit loads but had only half the leaf area. Lateral growth and secondary thickening were reduced by 50% but vegetative growth approached normal rates at times when fruit growth was minimal, indicating that girdling reduced the ability of vegetative growth to compete with reproductive growth for assimilates. Starch and soluble sugars did not accumulate above the girdles. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that girdling alters the balance between endogenous growth regulators which favour either vegetative or reproductive development. We suggest that the initial effects on the girdled limb are attributable to accumulation of growth regulators produced above the girdle. The reduced flow of growth regulators to the roots eventually results in lowered levels of root-produced hormones which subsequently causes effects throughout the tree.

Dry-matter partitioning and radiation-use efficiency in cowpea cultivars (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cvs TC-9-6 and M-28-6-6) during consecutive seasonal courses in the Orinoco llanos

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. SAN JOSÉ ◽  
R. A. MONTES ◽  
N. NIKONOVA ◽  
N. VALLADARES ◽  
C. BUENDIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use ◽  
Mass Accumulation

Field work on rainfed cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cvs TC-9-6 and M-28-6-6) was conducted in the Orinoco lowlands to explain the changes in dry-mass partitioning and radiation-use efficiency (RUE) as compared with other cultivars over four consecutive seasons. Growth features were assessed in early-maturing, prostrate-canopy (TC-9-6), and medium-maturing, erect-canopy (M-28-6-6) cowpeas. These cultivars were sown in consecutive middle-wet and late-wet seasons in double peak rainfall conditions. Dry mass accumulation by cultivars was assessed as a function of leaf-area duration and the efficiency with which radiation was converted into dry mass throughout the season (i.e. radiation-use efficiency). Cultivar differences in canopy architecture and duration of leaf area had a minor effect on the total dry mass production. In the early-maturing TC-9-6, RUE for a middle-wet and a late-wet season was 0·90±0·04 and 0·65±0·05 g/MJ, respectively. In the medium-maturing M-28-6-6, the values were 0·97±0·05 and 0·72±0·03 g/MJ, respectively. A season with rainfall below 100 mm had a negative effect on phenology and RUE. When average rainfall was above 100 mm, the total dry mass accumulation was not affected by differences in cultivars and seasons. The rate of harvest index (HI) changes was negatively related to pod-filling duration. The changes in assimilation distribution depended on the process of partitioning as modulated by the limited pod-sink and the photosynthate supply. However, the photosynthate source was not depressed by the sink activity of the pod-filling. Partitioning to non-reproductive sinks was maintained. M-28-6-6 with high dry-mass production and delayed senescence did not effectively divert a large amount of assimilate to pod-filling. Pod sink activity in cowpea was limited by genotype. Harvest index in M-28-6-6 decreased with the increasing dry mass. The final HI and rate of linear increase in HI differed between cultivars and were lower in M-28-6-6. The results of the present work in the Orinoco lowlands are relevant for a wide range of savannahs with a late wet season.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document