Fate of urea nitrogen in sheep urine applied to soil at different times of the year in the pasture - wheat rotation in south Western Australia

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Thompson ◽  
I. R. P. Fillery
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
15N Urea ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Sheep Urine

Sheep urine labelled with 15N-urea was applied toconfined micro-plots at different times of the year to follow the fate of ureaN in urine in the grazed pasture-wheat rotation in south Western Australia.Three field experiments were conducted on the same site on a loamy sand.Applications were made either to pasture residues (Expts 1 and 2) which weresubsequently sown to wheat, orto growing pasture in winter-spring, (Expt 3).In Expt 1, urine was applied in November 1990 (9·8 gN/m2) and April 1991 (46·1 gN/m2). From both applications, losses of15N attributed to NH3volatilisation were c. 50% within 2 weeks of application. Another10% loss was attributed toNO-3 leaching during the followinggrowing season and 15% was recovered by the wheat crop. In Expt 2,urine was applied in October 1991 (4·6 gN/m2), January 1992 (15·6 gN/m2), and March 1992 (13·6 gN/m2). Attributed NH3 losseswithin 2 weeks, in terms of 15N-urea applied, were40% (October and January urine) and 30% (March urine) andNO-3 leaching losses were estimated to be 20% forthe 3 applications. Recoveries in wheat (November 1992) were 4, 7, and12% of 15N applied in the October, January, andMarch urine applications. In Expt 3, urine was applied in August 1992(12·3 g N/m2) and September 1992 (25·9g N/m2). Attributed NH3 losseswere 10% of applied 15N for the August and30% for the September application. Plant uptake of15N was rapid and by mid October was 42% from theAugust application and 47% from the September application. Recovery of15N in soil organic N was generally 17-25% whenurine was applied to pasture residues and bare soil,and 21-37% whenurine was applied to growing pasture. It is suggested thatNH3 volatilisation was the predominant N loss mechanism.The amount of NO-3 leached wasprimarily influenced by summer rainfall, the length of time urine-N was insoil before the onset of winter rainfall, and the distributionof winterrainfall. Little of the 15N-labelled urine was eitherrecovered by, or available for, subsequent wheat crops, suggesting thatcalculations for estimating the N supply from pastures to cereal cropsmustdiscount most N returned in urine by grazing animals.

scholarly journals Residual Effect of Poultry Manure and Mineral N Application on Maize Production under Wheat-Maize Cropping System

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
Syed Azam Shah ◽  
Wisal Mohammad ◽  
Haroon Haroon ◽  
Adnan Anwar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

The study was designed to asses the residual effect of organic N (Poultry Manure) and mineral N on maize crop in field experiments carried out on silty clay loam soil at NIFA, Tarnab, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan during 2014-15. Combined dose of N from both sources were 120 kg ha-1 applied to wheat crop alone and in different combination making six treatments. Maize variety (Azam) was sown in Randomized complete block (RCB) design with four replications. Agronomic data, grains ear-1, 1000 grain weight, biomass grain yield data, N-uptake in maize grain and straw were recorded. Results showed that maximum grain ear−1, 1000 grain weight, biomass and grain yield was obtained from treatment where 25% N applied from poultry manure + 75% from mineral N source applied to previous wheat crop. Agronomic efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were also found maximum in treatment where 75% poultry manure + 25% mineral N was applied. It was concluded from the study that residual effect of organic manure with mineral N in different ratios enhances crop productivity and soil fertility.

FATE OF N APPLIED AS GREEN MANURE OR AMMONIUM FERTILIZER TO SOIL SUBSEQUENTLY CROPPED WITH SPRING WHEAT AT THREE SITES IN WESTERN CANADA

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. JANZEN ◽  
J. B. BOLE ◽  
V. O. BIEDERBECK ◽  
A. E. SLINKARD
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Annual Legumes

There is growing interest in the use of annual legumes as green manure crops to replace conventional summerfallow in the spring wheat production systems of western Canada. A series of field experiments was established at three sites in western Canada (Lethbridge, Swift Current, and Saskatoon) in each of two seasons to quantify the N contribution of green manure to subsequent crops and organic matter reserves. 15N-labelled plant material from two annual legume species [Tangier flatpea (Lathyrus tingitanus 'Tinga') and lentil (Lens culinaris 'Indianhead')], as well as 15N-labelled ammonium sulfate, was applied to field microplots in midsummer. The following spring, an additional ammonium sulfate treatment was established and all plots were seeded to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum 'Leader' or 'Katepwa'). On average, the wheat crop recovered 14% of the green manure N compared with 36% of the fertilizer N. Conversely, the relative contribution of the green manure to the organic N pool in the surface soil layer was approximately twice that of inorganic fertilizer. This residual organic N was relatively recalcitrant to further mineralization, as was evident from minimal uptake of applied N in the second year after application. These results suggest that annual legumes can be a significant source of N to subsequent crops in the rotation, provided that N yields are sufficient. The primary advantage of green manure production, however, may be the long-term replenishment of stable organic N reserves in the soil. Key words: N mineralization, organic matter, 15N, annual legumes, green manure, lentil, pea

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Fusarium species associated with crown and root rot of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under different condition

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Bareen Sidqi Shareef Al-Tovi ◽  
Raed Abduljabbar Haleem
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Spore Suspension ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Crown And Root Rot

This study was conducted to test the pathogenicity of Fusarium species, the causes of crown and root rot disease of wheat crop, under three different conditions (Laboratory, Greenhouse and Field) and to show the best method for pathogenicity among different conditions. Pathogenicity test of six isolates of Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum, F. nivale, F. solani and F. udum) was tested on durum (Simeto) cultivar of wheat by test tube method in the laboratory, the tested fungi had substantial effect on seed germination. F. oxysporum showed the highest germination failure (44.44%) which significantly differed with other species. In the greenhouse, seedlings were inoculated by spore suspension at the base of each plant stem. The most virulent fungus after 35 days of inoculation was F. oxysporum (0.78) followed by F. solani (0.70) and F. graminearum (0.66), while the lowest disease severity was recorded by F. udum (0.16). Also in the field pathogenicity experiments of three Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. oxysporum and F. solani) were performed on a durum (Simeto) and soft (Cham6) cultivars. Spore suspension was applied at the 2- to 3-leaf Zadoks’s growth stage. Disease severity was calculated at two stages of wheat growth (Booting and Ripening).The most virulent fungus was F. graminearum (0.42) that was significantly different from  other fungi. This work indicated that F. graminearum, F. oxysporum and F. solani showed higher infection than remaining tested species under threeconditions. Pathogenicity test in laboratory by test tube method (In-vitro) appeared more effective than greenhouse and field experiments

TRANSFORMATIONS AND DISPOSITION OF LATE-FALL APPLIED NITROGEN DURING WINTER IN SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-565
Author(s):  
F. SELLES ◽  
A. J. LEYSHON ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Prairie farmers are interested in applying nitrogen (N) in the fall or winter to reduce fertilizer costs and allow a better distribution of labor and machinery use. Two studies were conducted in southwestern Saskatchewan to determine the consequences of applying N in late fall. In the laboratory, fertilizer N barely penetrated into the snow at constant subzero temperatures, but under freeze-thaw conditions, urea and ammonium nitrate descended 27 cm in 3 d. In the field, ammonium nitrate and urea were applied to snow-covered and bare microplots of grass sod and cereal stubble (1981–1982) and grass sod only (1985–1986). Nitrogen from ammonium nitrate penetrated deeper into the snow than N from urea. Nitrogen recovery in April 1982 was 55–59% from ammonium nitrate and 39–51% from urea, but was near 100% for both sources on bare soil treatments in April 1986. More N was recovered when fertilizer was applied to bare than to snow-covered soil, especially during 1985–1986 when all the applied fertilizer was blown off the snow-covered plots. Mineral N generally declined from fall to spring in all treatments, probably because of denitrification and immobilization. In 1985–1986, a period of extremely low temperatures in late fall resulted in no movement or transformation of N until after early December. By late January, periods of above-zero soil temperatures resulted in substantial mineralization of soil organic N, in the fertilized plots. This apparent priming effect was attributed to perturbations in the organic matter and microbial biomass due to fertilizer application and freezing and thawing. Following this period there was a general decrease in mineral N towards spring, as observed in 1981–1982. Producers must consider the benefits of using labor and equipment more efficiently and of lower fertilizer cost in the fall against the risk of large potential N losses over winter. Key words: Urea, ammonium nitrate, N recovery, frozen soils, fertilizing in winter

Zooming in on surface chemical composition of soil microaggregates – Is there an effect of plants (Festuca)?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne K Woche ◽  
Stefan Dultz ◽  
Robert Mikutta ◽  
Klaus Kaiser ◽  
Georg Guggenberger
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Surface Chemical ◽  
Surface Chemical Composition ◽  
Fresh Organic Matter

<p>Formation of soil microaggregates (SMA) is a surface-driven process and depends on mineral cementing and organic gluing agents. Yet, the role of plants in soil microaggregation by input of fresh organic matter remains little understood. In a mesocosm experiment silty Luvisol topsoil (<250 µm; original soil material) was incubated in absence (bare soil) and presence of plants (Festuca) and water-stable free and occluded SMA were isolated after 4, 12, and 30 weeks and investigated for the surface chemical composition by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and for wetting properties by contact angle determination.</p><p>Compared to the original soil, the surfaces of both free and occluded SMA tended to smaller O and larger C contents, thus a smaller O/C ratio, along with a slight increase in initial contact angle from about 10° (original soil) to about 20° (SMA). The O/C ratio decreased slightly further from 4 to 12 weeks, especially for bare soil without plants. Slightly greater C contents were detected for occluded than for free SMA, probably hinting at higher retention of organic matter on surfaces of microaggregates entrained in larger soil structures. For bare soil, a slightly greater N content was observed for free SMA while in the presence of Festuca free and occluded SMA had same N contents.</p><p>Regardless of the presence of Festuca, C speciation indicated a lower proportion (in % of total C) of C=O/O-C-O and a higher proportion of C - C/C -  H species for occluded than for free SMA, probably indicating less altered organic matter at the surfaces of occluded SMA. While the proportion of C=O/O-C-O species slightly decreased, that of C- C/C-H species slightly increased towards the end of the incubation. This may hint at some preferences in microbial respiration with respect to C compounds and formation of microbial metabolites. From N speciation a higher ratio between protonated and non-protonated organic N species (N<sub>p</sub>/N<sub>np</sub>) was indicated for Festuca than for bare soil after 4 and for 30 weeks of incubation, i.e., the presence of plants seems to impact N compounds present. The N<sub>p</sub>/N<sub>np </sub>ratio tended to decrease after 30 weeks compared to 4 weeks for both treatments, hinting on changes in N species present.</p><p>In summary, aside some effect on N species present, results indicate rather incubation and SMA origin (free, occluded) than the presence of plants (Festuca) to impact surface chemical composition of the tested SMA. This suggests no defined contribution of plants and their products to formation of 250-53 µm-sized SMA.</p>

scholarly journals Analysis of Long-Term Trends of Annual and Seasonal Rainfall in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Mulugeta ◽  
Clifford Fedler ◽  
Mekonen Ayana
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Seasonal Rainfall ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Awash River Basin ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Increasing Trends

With climate change prevailing around the world, understanding the changes in long-term annual and seasonal rainfall at local scales is very important in planning for required adaptation measures. This is especially true for areas such as the Awash River basin where there is very high dependence on rain- fed agriculture characterized by frequent droughts and subsequent famines. The aim of the study is to analyze long-term trends of annual and seasonal rainfall in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Monthly rainfall data extracted from Climatic Research Unit (CRU 4.01) dataset for 54 grid points representing the entire basin were aggregated to find the respective areal annual and seasonal rainfall time series for the entire basin and its seven sub-basins. The Mann-Kendall (MK) test and Sen Slope estimator were applied to the time series for detecting the trends and for estimating the rate of change, respectively. The Statistical software package R version 3.5.2 was used for data extraction, data analyses, and plotting. Geographic information system (GIS) package was also used for grid making, site selection, and mapping. The results showed that no significant trend (at α = 0.05) was identified in annual rainfall in all sub-basins and over the entire basin in the period (1902 to 2016). However, the results for seasonal rainfall are mixed across the study areas. The summer rainfall (June through September) showed significant decreasing trend (at α ≤ 0.1) over five of the seven sub-basins at a rate varying from 4 to 7.4 mm per decade but it showed no trend over the two sub-basins. The autumn rainfall (October through January) showed no significant trends over four of the seven sub-basins but showed increasing trends over three sub-basins at a rate varying from 2 to 5 mm per decade. The winter rainfall (February through May) showed no significant trends over four sub-basins but showed significant increasing trends (at α ≤ 0.1) over three sub-basins at a rate varying from 0.6 to 2.7 mm per decade. At the basin level, the summer rainfall showed a significant decreasing trend (at α = 0.05) while the autumn and winter rainfall showed no significant trends. In addition, shift in some amount of summer rainfall to winter and autumn season was noticed. It is evident that climate change has shown pronounced effects on the trends and patterns of seasonal rainfall. Thus, the study contribute to better understanding of climate change in the basin and the information from the study can be used in planning for adaptation measures against a changing climate.

Grain yield and N benefits to sequential wheat and barley crops from single-year alfalfa, berseem and red clover, chickling vetch and lentil

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bullied ◽  
M. H. Entz ◽  
S. R. Smith, Jr. ◽  
K. C. Bamford
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
N Content

Single-year hay alfalfas (Medicago sativa L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and red clovers (Trifolium pratense L.), chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) were evaluated for rotational yield and N benefits to the following first-year wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and second-year barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops. Field experiments were initiated in 1997 and 1998 on a Riverdale silty clay soil at Winnipeg, Manitoba. Yield and N content of the following wheat crop were increased following legumes compared to wheat following a canola control. Wheat yield and N content averaged 2955 kg ha–1 and 76.1 kg ha–1, respectively, following the chickling vetch and lentil, 2456 kg ha–1 and 56.4 kg ha–1 following single-year hay legumes, compared with 1706 kg ha–1 and 37.9 kg ha–1 following canola. Non-dormant alfalfas (dormancy rating of eight or greater) contributed to larger grain yields than the dormant alfalfas only in the first year of each experiment. The chickling vetch and lentil provided similar or higher subsequent crop yields and N content for 2 yr compared to a canola control or fallow treatment. This study shows that some increase in yield can be achieved by using a single-year alfalfa hay crop instead of fallow; however, exclusive green manuring of chickling vetch and lentil crops can produce the most increase in yield and N uptake in subsequent crops. Key words: Alfalfa (single-year), legumes (annual), green manure, nitrogen, cropping system

The impact of diversification of a rice–wheat cropping system on crop productivity and soil fertility

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. SINGH ◽  
B. B. SHARMA ◽  
B. S. DWIVEDI
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Cropping Intensity ◽  
The Impact

Field experiments were conducted at the Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during 1996/97 and 1997/98. Each experiment comprised 10 crop sequences: (a) wheat–rice, (b) chickpea–rice, (c) lentil–rice, (d) pea–rice, (e) wheat–mungbean green manure–rice, (f) wheat–Sesbania green manure–rice, (g) wheat–fodder–rice, (h) chickpea–fodder–rice, (i) lentil–fodder–rice and (j) pea–fodder–rice, in a randomized block design with four replications. The crop sequences were compared in terms of economic rice equivalent yield (REY), protein production, apparent nutrient balances and effect on soil fertility status. Amongst crop sequences involving two crops each year (200% cropping intensity), chickpea–rice gave highest REY and protein production. Of the sequences involving three crops each year (300% cropping intensity), chickpea–fodder–rice and wheat–fodder–rice were superior to others. The P balances were positive for all sequences, whereas K balances were generally negative except for sequences involving green manure legumes. Green manuring with Sesbania or mungbean helped restore soil fertility, indicating the advantage of green manure for higher productivity and sustainability of rice–wheat system. Chickpea–rice and chickpea–fodder–rice appeared promising alternatives to rice–wheat crop sequence.

Productivity and nitrogen use of three different wheat-based rotations in North West Syria

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wood ◽  
C. J. Pilbeam ◽  
H. C. Harris ◽  
J. Tuladhar
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N Mineralisation ◽  
Soil N ◽  
N Budget ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
North West ◽  
System A ◽  
To Come ◽  
C 50

Productivity of 3 different 2-year crop rotations, namely continuous wheat, wheat-chickpea, and wheat-fallow, was measured over 4 consecutive seasons beginning in 1991-92 at the ICARDA station, Tel Hadya, Syria. Nitrogen (N) fertiliser (30 kg N/ha at sowing) was broadcast every other year in the continuous wheat only. 15N-labelled fertiliser was used to quantify the amount of nitrogen supplied to the crops through current and past applications of fertiliser and by N2 fixation. The remaining N in the crop was assumed to come from the soil. In any single season, wheat yields were unaffected by rotation or N level. However, 2-year biomass production was significantly greater (32%, on average) in the continuously cropped plots than in the wheat-fallow rotation. On average, <10% of the N in the wheat crop came from fertiliser in the season of application, and <1·2 kg N/ha of the residual fertiliser was recovered by a subsequent wheat crop. Chickpea fixed 16-48 kg N/ha, depending on the season, but a negative soil N budget was still likely because the amount of N removed in the grain was usually greater than the amount of atmospheric N2 fixed. Uptake of soil N was similar in the cereal phase of all 3 rotations (38 kg N/ha, on average), but over the whole rotation at least 33% more soil N was removed from continuously cropped plots than from the wheat-fallow rotation, suggesting that the latter is a more sustainable system. A laboratory study showed that although wheat and chickpea residues enhanced the gross rate of N mineralisation by c. 50%, net rates of N mineralisation were usually negative. Given the high C/N ratio of the residue, immobilisation, rather than loss processes, is the likely cause of the decline in the mineral N content of the soil. Consequently, decomposition of crop residues in the field may in the short term reduce rather than increase the availability of N for crop growth.

The effect of fallowing on the yield of wheat. I. The effect on soil water storage and nitrate supply

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ French
Keyword(s):  
Water Storage ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Nitrate Supply ◽  
The Mean

The effect of fallowing before a wheat crop was studied in South Australia in an environment with suboptimal rainfall in the growing season. A 9–10 month pre-sowing fallow increased mean water storage (0–120 cm depth) at sowing by 28 mm, compared with a non-fallow soil preparation (2 month period of cultivation). Variation in additional storage ranged from nil to 125 mm. These amounts depended on soil type and season: in coarse-textured soils, fallowing conserved little additional water, but in fine-textured soils much additional water could be stored. Storage was not related to the summer rainfall (November-March) before sowing but was related to rainfall during July and August in the previous winter—just before or at the start of the fallow period. A combination of these two factors, fine-textured soil and good July–August rainfall, gave considerable storage. Fallowing also increased the nitrate nitrogen content in the surface 60 cm at sowing; the mean additional nitrogen amounted to 19 kg/ha in the coarse-textured soils and 30 kg/ha in the fine-textured soils. The largest increases due to fallowing were recorded in soils following medic leys and with ample rains on the fallow in spring. Comparison is made between these findings and those obtained with fallowing in other parts of Australia.

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