A Distributed Intercortical Processing of Binocular Rivalry: Psychophysical Evidence

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3467 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teng Leng Ooi ◽  
Zijiang J He
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Distributed Network ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Surface Integration ◽  
Visual Scenes ◽  
Over Time

When dissimilar visual scenes are viewed dichoptically, the observer perceives several different representations of the scene over time. To reveal that a distributed intercortical network mediates this phenomenon of binocular rivalry, we used a Kanizsa square-like display consisting of four pairs of color-rivalry-inducing elements. We found that when all four dominant elements had the same color, regardless of whether they were from the same or different eyes, the visual system ably integrated them into a larger subjective surface. Once formed, the same-colored subjective surface enjoyed a relatively longer predominance than mixed-colored patterns. During rivalry alternation, this same-colored surface was more likely to be replaced by a complementary same-colored surface, rather than by mixed-colored patterns (cohesive effect). Further, surface integration, which is mainly an extrastriate cortical function, was stronger when the same eye viewed the same-colored rivalry stimuli. Since the eye-of-origin signature is explicitly represented in V1, these findings together suggest that rivalry is processed along a distributed network including V1 and the extrastriate cortices.

Evolution of Trust and Formation of Preference Clusters in Distributed Networked Structure

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Purnendu Karmakar ◽  
Rajarshi Roy
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Trust Model ◽  
Network Evolution ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Distributed Network ◽  
Chat Rooms ◽  
Interacting Agents ◽  
Over Time

Distributed network researchers are trying to address one important issue concerning networked structures and how the network came into existence, i.e., dynamics of network evolution. From the knowledge of social science it is observed that trust is one such metric that evolves with the network particularly where human interaction is involved. This work presents a “trust” model of the authors’ studies and its various properties. In virtual (and “real”) communities (chat rooms, blogs, etc.) behavioral segregation over time is observed. Differences in identities of interacting agents result in evolution of various degrees of “trust” (and “distrust’) among them over a period of time. This process ultimately leads to emergence of self-segregation in behavioral kinetics and results in formation of preference clusters.

The Site of Binocular Rivalry Suppression

Perception ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph Blake ◽  
Randall Overton
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Threshold Elevation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Contrast Adaptation ◽  
A Site ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Two experiments were performed to localize the site of binocular rivalry suppression in relation to the locus of grating adaptation. In one experiment it was found that phenomenal suppression of a high-contrast adaptation grating presented to one eye had no influence on the strength of the threshold-elevation aftereffect measured interocularly. Evidently information about the adaptation grating arrives at the site of the aftereffect (presumably binocular neurons) even during suppression. In a second experiment 60 s of grating adaptation was found to produce a short-term reduction in the predominance of the adapted eye during binocular rivalry. These findings provide converging lines of evidence that suppression occurs at a site in the human visual system after the locus of grating adaptation and, hence, after the striate cortex.

The Physiological Basis of Executive Function and Working Memory

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D'Esposito ◽  
Murray Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Distributed Network ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Appropriate Behavior ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical

The term “executive function” has been used to capture the highest order of cognitive abilities, including the planning, flexibility, organization and regulation necessary for the execution of an appropriate behavior. Executive function, although an elusive cognitive domain, may be highly dependent on working memory, which refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of information. The physiology of working memory is beginning to be mapped in both monkey and human studies at the neuroanatomical and neurochemical levels. Working memory is likely subserved by a distributed network of brain regions in which the prefrontal cortex is critical, subserving the process of maintaining representations across time. There is also a relationship between dopaminergic projections in the brain and working memory. Improved understanding of the physiological basis of executive functioning and working memory will provide a narrower view of prefrontal cortical function and may lead to new therapies in patients with cognitive dysfunction.

Untersuchungen zur Lokalisierung von Wahrnehmungsprozessen: Figurale Nachwirkungen bei binokularen Wettstreit-Bedingungen

Perception ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Crabus ◽  
M Stadler
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Figural Aftereffect ◽  
Area 17 ◽  
Inspection Figure

Figural aftereffects were measured under binocular-rivalry conditions, the suppressed part of the binocular-rivalry situation being used as an inspection figure. The results show that figural aftereffects are reduced in a partly suppressed configuration and disappear completely when the inspection figure is fully suppressed. This indicates that the figural aftereffect process is localized at a higher level in the visual system than area 17.

Binocular Rivalry

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph Blake
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Neural Dynamics ◽  
Retinal Images ◽  
Interocular Suppression ◽  
Perceptual Illusion ◽  
Bistable Perception ◽  
Retinal Stimulation ◽  
Over Time

: Binocular rivalry epitomizes the essence of a perceptual illusion in that it involves a compelling dissociation of retinal stimulation and visual experience: dissimilar monocular stimuli appear and disappear reciprocally and unpredictably over time, even though retinal images of both stimuli remain unchanged. Thus binocular rivalry is instigated when dissimilar visual stimuli are imaged on corresponding areas of the two eyes. These dissimilarities can arise from differences in form (both simple and complex), color, or direction of motion. This beguiling phenomenon—binocular rivalry—affords the psychologist a potent means for probing visual processing outside of awareness and the neurophysiologist a strategy for studying neural dynamics. Related concepts including bistable perception, interocular suppression, and neural dynamics are explored.

scholarly journals Heading perception depends on time-varying evolution of optic flow

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (52) ◽  
pp. 33161-33169
Author(s):  
Charlie S. Burlingham ◽  
David J. Heeger
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Temporal Derivative ◽  
Considerable Support ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Phase Motion

There is considerable support for the hypothesis that perception of heading in the presence of rotation is mediated by instantaneous optic flow. This hypothesis, however, has never been tested. We introduce a method, termed “nonvarying phase motion,” for generating a stimulus that conveys a single instantaneous optic flow field, even though the stimulus is presented for an extended period of time. In this experiment, observers viewed stimulus videos and performed a forced-choice heading discrimination task. For nonvarying phase motion, observers made large errors in heading judgments. This suggests that instantaneous optic flow is insufficient for heading perception in the presence of rotation. These errors were mostly eliminated when the velocity of phase motion was varied over time to convey the evolving sequence of optic flow fields corresponding to a particular heading. This demonstrates that heading perception in the presence of rotation relies on the time-varying evolution of optic flow. We hypothesize that the visual system accurately computes heading, despite rotation, based on optic acceleration, the temporal derivative of optic flow.

A Demonstration of the Visual Importance and Flexibility of Spatial-Frequency Amplitude and Phase

Perception ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon N Piotrowski ◽  
Fergus W Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Retinal Image ◽  
Fourier Domain ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Visual Importance ◽  
Visual Scenes ◽  
Phase Relationships

To establish how little information the human visual system requires for recognition, common objects were digitally manipulated in the Fourier domain. The results demonstrate that it is not only possible, but also quite efficient, for a (biological) visual system to exist with very few phase relationships among the component spatial frequencies of the (retinal) image. A visual example is then presented which illustrates how certain phase relationships can hinder, or completely eliminate, the recognition of visual scenes.

Binocular Rivalry and Surface-Boundary Processing

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5489 ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teng Leng Ooi ◽  
Zijiang J He
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Surface Boundary ◽  
Boundary Contour ◽  
Similar Stimulus ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
Matching Process ◽  
Contour Information ◽  
Stimulus Design

Theoretical and empirical studies show that the visual system relies on boundary contours and surface features (eg textures) to represent 3-D surfaces. When the surface to be represented has little texture information, or has a periodic texture pattern (grating), the boundary contour information assumes a larger weight in representing the surface. Adopting the premise that the mechanisms of 3-D surface representation also determine binocular rivalry perception, the current paper focuses on whether boundary contours have a similar role in binocular rivalry. In experiment 1, we tested the prediction that the visual system prefers selecting an image/figure defined by boundary contours for rivalry dominance. We designed a binocular rivalry stimulus wherein one half-image has a boundary contour defined by a grating disk on a background with an orthogonal grating orientation. The other half-image consists solely of the (same orientation) grating background without the grating disk, ie no boundary contour. Confirming our prediction, the predominance for the half-image with the grating disk is ∼90%, despite the fact that the grating disk corresponds to an area with orthogonal grating in the fellow eye. The advantage of the grating disk is dramatically reduced to about 50% predominance when a boundary contour is added to the background-only half-image at the location corresponding to the grating disk. We attribute this reduced advantage to the formation of a corresponding binocular boundary contour. In experiment 2 the grating background was substituted by a random-dot background in a similar stimulus design. We found that the perceptual salience of the corresponding binocular boundary contours extracted by the interocular matching process is an important factor in determining the dynamics of binocular rivalry. Experiment 3 showed that vertical lines with uneven thickness and spacing as the background reduce the contribution of the monocular boundary contour of the grating disk in binocular rivalry, possibly through the formation of binocular boundary contours between the local edges (vertical components) of the vertical lines and the corresponding grating disk.

The Square-Wave Illusion and Phase Anisotropy of the Human Visual System

Perception ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence E Leguire ◽  
Randolph Blake ◽  
Michael Sloane
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Relative Phase ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
Phase Relations ◽  
Phase Anisotropy ◽  
Triangular Wave ◽  
Square Wave ◽  
Frequency Components ◽  
Over Time

A triangular-wave grating is perceived to fluctuate over time: at one moment it may appear veridical (ie triangular), at another it may more closely resemble a square-wave grating with rounded edges. In addition, the square-wave illusion itself is bistable, in that it sometimes appears to shift in phase by 180 deg. Experiments in which the phase and amplitude of the first three frequency components of the triangular-wave grating were independently varied showed that the square-wave illusion results from the relative phase of the frequency components. Adaptation to two frequency components in square-wave (sine) phase was found to reduce the illusion strength, and adaptation to triangular-wave (cosine) phase was found to increase the illusion strength. In addition, the square-wave adaptation effect spreads to nonadapted retinal areas. It is concluded that the square-wave illusion reflects a phase anisotropy in the human visual system that favors square-wave phase over other phase relations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document