A New Twist on the Rotating-Trapezoid Illusion: Evidence for Neural-Adaptation Effects

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald M Long ◽  
Thomas C Toppino
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
Selective Adaptation ◽  
Neural Adaptation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Reversible Figures ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Basic Similarity ◽  
Adaptation Effects

In a series of experiments, the selective-adaptation paradigm was applied to the rotating-trapezoid illusion in an effort to demonstrate neural-adaptation effects in the figural reversal of this classic illusion. Prior to viewing the standard trapezoid, the observer adapted to a rectangle rotating unambiguously in the same direction as the trapezoid or in the opposite direction. In accordance with the neural hypothesis, illusion strength was greatest when the two figures rotated in the same direction and weakest when the two figures rotated in opposite directions. Results were confirmed with two separate dependent variables: the observer's ‘first look’ at the illusion after adaptation and the observer's reversal rate during a test period. These findings were discussed in terms of (a) the basic similarity of results for the rotating trapezoid and reversible figures such as the Necker cube and (b) the need for a multiprocess model of both classes of illusions which emphasizes bottom—up and top—down processes.

Variable Foreperiods and Temporal Discrimination

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Grondin ◽  
Thomas Rammsayer
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Temporal Information Processing ◽  
Visual Markers ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Base Duration ◽  
Perceived Duration

Temporal judgements are often accounted for by a single-clock hypothesis. The output of such a clock is reported to depend on the allocation of attention. In the present series of experiments, the influence of attention on temporal information processing is investigated by systematic variations of the period preceding brief empty intervals to be judged. Two indicators of timing performance, temporal sensitivity, reflecting discrimination performance, and perceived duration served as dependent variables. Foreperiods ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 s in Experiments 1 to 4. When the foreperiod varied randomly from trial to trial, perceived duration was longer with increasing length of foreperiod (Experiments 1 and 3 with brief auditory markers and Experiment 4 with brief visual markers), an effect that disappeared with no trial-to-trial variations (Experiment 2). Longer foreperiods also enhanced performance on temporal discrimination of auditory empty intervals with a base duration of 100 ms (Experiments 1 and 5), whereas discrimination performance was unaffected for auditory intervals with a base duration of 500 ms (Experiment 3). The variable-foreperiod effect on perceived duration also held when foreperiods ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 s (Experiments 5—7). Findings suggest that foreperiods appear to effectively modulate attention mechanisms necessary for temporal information processing. However, alternative explanations such as assimilation or compatibility effects cannot be totally discarded.

Auditory Processing in Children's Speech Perception

1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan E. Sussman
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Selective Adaptation ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Acoustic Processing ◽  
Processing Differences ◽  
Children's Speech ◽  
The Continuum ◽  
Adaptation Effects

Five- to six-year-old children and adults participated in discrimination and selective adaptation speech perception tasks using a synthetic consonant-vowel continuum ranging from [bal to Ida]. In one condition of selective adaptation, attention was focused on the adapting stimulus, the continuum-endpoint ba], with a whispering task. In another condition, attention was focused away from the continuum-endpoint [da] adaptor to contralaterally presented syllables " she " and " see ." Results, compared with two more typical adaptation conditions, indicated that focused attention did not augment selective adaptation effects, particularly for children who showed smaller effects with focused attention on the adaptor. In contrast to adults, children did not significantly change labeling responses after exposure to endpoint-[ba] adaptors, results matching those of Sussman and Carney (1989). However, children did significantly change labeling following exposure to endpoint-[da] adaptors. Discrimination findings with five-formant consonant-vowel and single-formant stimuli supported the importance of acoustic processing for the selective adaptation tasks performed. Together, results support hypotheses of sensory processing differences in younger, normally developing children compared with adults and show that such abilities appear to be related to speech perception skills.

scholarly journals Examining the Potential Inclusion of Adaptive Sport in the NCAA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Robeznieks
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
The United States ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Life Activity ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Adaptive Sports ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Future ◽  
Collegiate Level ◽  
K 12

Executive Summary: The central research question of this study is to investigate if there is a case for the inclusion of adaptive sport in the NCAA. This study is important because of issues of equity, the sociocultural perceptions of disability and adaptive sport, the physical, social, psychological, and societal benefits of sport participation, and recent education and employment-population ratio statistics in the United States. Supporting this central question are five inquiries (the dependent variables of the study): What are the barriers and challenges for collegiate adaptive sport? What are the growth opportunities for collegiate adaptive sport? What are goals for the future of collegiate adaptive sport? What are integration strategies for collegiate adaptive sport in the NCAA? Is sport a major life activity? Based on the literature, four themes stand out regarding the advancement of collegiate adaptive sport. First, there are legal aspects such as Title IX, the Rehabilitation Act, and Americans with Disabilities Act that shape the current landscape of collegiate adaptive sports. Second, the greatest momentum for change in the NCAA could come from institutions and conferences taking a leadership role in championing change and pressuring the interdependent network of the NCAA. Third, the experience of females in collegiate athletics could be used to understand some of the challenges for adaptive sport and the top-down initiatives that could help the growth of adaptive sport. Fourth, the advancement of adaptive sport will require change in the current system and the critical change factor model by Fay (1999) can be used as a framework to understand what change factors could be effective. The research question was examined through qualitative interviews with stakeholder groups affiliated with the landscape of collegiate adaptive sport. These groups included collegiate adaptive sport athletes (A), collegiate adaptive sport staff (B), athletic department staff (C), and external organizations (e.g. national governing sport bodies) (D). The interviews were thematically analyzed to yield key themes and recommendations as they pertained to the dependent variables. There were 38 participants in the study with 3, 21, 8, and 6 people from groups A through D respectively. NCAA status for adaptive sport was found to be a desirable goal for the future and there are frameworks that can make it possible (e.g. the ECAC Inclusive Sport model). However, there must be a critical mass of adaptive sport athletes, a growth of and greater concentration of programming at the collegiate level and more purposeful and effective support from the top-down. Recommendations for how stakeholders could collaborate to grow adaptive sport at the collegiate level include: • Invest in K to 12 adaptive sport programming • Educate senior leaders of institutions and organizations about disability and adaptive sport • Create a resource guide for NCAA institutions for adaptive athlete recruitment and training • Develop an “Emerging Adaptive Sports” program in the NCAA • Create a Senior Disability or Inclusion Administrator designation for athletic departments • Expand on the ECAC Inclusive Sport Principles 1 through 3 to other conferences • Implement able-body inclusion and consider coed teams in collegiate wheelchair basketball Recommendations for future research include examining effects of K-12 programming on participation levels in adaptive sport, adaptive athlete perceptions of able-body participation in adaptive sport, the appropriate number of sponsors for an “Emerging Adaptive Sports” program, the qualitative and quantitative impact that collegiate adaptive sports programs have on their institutions, further research on sport as a major life activity, adaptive athlete experiences on coed teams, and key leader perceptions (e.g. Athletic Directors) of disability and adaptive sport.

scholarly journals Can noises defeat will power in Necker cube reversals? Equating top-down influence with bottom-up bias with a noise paradigm

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 255-255
Author(s):  
S. H.-L. Chien ◽  
J.-C. Chen ◽  
C.-C. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Necker Cube ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Will Power

scholarly journals Local Government Improvement in England: Policies, Progress and Prospects

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Martin
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Democratic Accountability ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
External Assessment ◽  
Service Standards

Whilst many countries have been devolving power to the sub-national level England has moved in the opposite direction. For the last decade English local government has been subjected to tight top down performance monitoring and financial controls. The evidence suggests that these policies have helped to encourage significant improvements in performance. However critics argue that they have been costly to implement and have undermined local democratic accountability. In response to these concerns the current government has promised to sweep away external assessment in favour of self-regulation by councils and in-depth scrutiny by citizens. This ‘new localism’ poses important questions for both policy makers and researchers. In particular how far will the promised reforms actually go and what impacts will they have on the service standards?

Effects of Orientation-Selective Adaptation on the Zöllner Illusion

Perception ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori Morikawa
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Illusion Magnitude ◽  
Selective Adaptation ◽  
Tilt Aftereffect ◽  
Apparent Contrast ◽  
Inhibitory Interaction ◽  
Retinal Adaptation ◽  
Adaptation Effects

The model of inhibitory interaction between orientation detectors was examined by prolonged presentation of grating patterns (which was expected to induce orientation-selective adaptation) before measurement of the Zöllner illusion. Adaptation effects were measured under conditions which excluded intrusion by the tilt aftereffect. In experiment 1, illusion magnitude greatly decreased only when the orientation of the adapting grating was the same as that of the inducing lines, which confirmed the first prediction deduced from the model. There was no effect of adapting grating when it was oriented more than 20 ° away from the inducing lines. In experiment 2, adaptation effects were selective not only to orientation but also to spatial frequency. In experiment 3 it was shown that illusion reduction was mediated neither by lowered apparent contrast of the inducing lines nor by retinal adaptation. The results are discussed with respect to the nature of adaptation and possible physiological correlates.

scholarly journals Adaptation effects and reversible figures: A comment on Horlitz and O’Leary

1994 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald M. Long ◽  
Thomas C. Toppino
Keyword(s):  
Reversible Figures ◽  
Adaptation Effects

scholarly journals Aspects and Abstracta

2014 ◽  
pp. 41-66
Author(s):  
B. Madison Mount
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
Philosophical Magazine ◽  
Apparent Position ◽  
Reversible Figures

Philosophers of perception and psychologists first studied ‘multistable’ or ‘reversible’ figures, Kippbilder, in the nineteenth century. The earliest description of the phenomenon of a ‘sudden and involuntary change in the apparent position’ of a represented object occurred in a letter written by Louis Albert Necker in Geneva to Sir David Brewster on 24 May 1832 and published six months later in the Philosophical Magazine. The picture in question would become known as the Necker cube.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document