Effects of Orientation-Selective Adaptation on the Zöllner Illusion

Perception ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori Morikawa
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Illusion Magnitude ◽  
Selective Adaptation ◽  
Tilt Aftereffect ◽  
Apparent Contrast ◽  
Inhibitory Interaction ◽  
Retinal Adaptation ◽  
Adaptation Effects

The model of inhibitory interaction between orientation detectors was examined by prolonged presentation of grating patterns (which was expected to induce orientation-selective adaptation) before measurement of the Zöllner illusion. Adaptation effects were measured under conditions which excluded intrusion by the tilt aftereffect. In experiment 1, illusion magnitude greatly decreased only when the orientation of the adapting grating was the same as that of the inducing lines, which confirmed the first prediction deduced from the model. There was no effect of adapting grating when it was oriented more than 20 ° away from the inducing lines. In experiment 2, adaptation effects were selective not only to orientation but also to spatial frequency. In experiment 3 it was shown that illusion reduction was mediated neither by lowered apparent contrast of the inducing lines nor by retinal adaptation. The results are discussed with respect to the nature of adaptation and possible physiological correlates.

Adaptation in single units in visual cortex: The tuning of aftereffects in the spatial domain

1989 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Saul ◽  
M. S. Cynader
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Selective Adaptation ◽  
Single Units ◽  
Spatial Frequency Tuning ◽  
Sinusoidal Gratings ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Drift Direction

AbstractCat striate cortical neurons were investigated using a new method of studying adaptation aftereffects. Stimuli were sinusoidal gratings of variable contrast, spatial frequency, and drift direction and rate. A series of alternating adapting and test trials was presented while recording from single units. Control trials were completely integrated with the adapted trials in these experiments.Every cortical cell tested showed selective adaptation aftereffects. Adapting at suprathreshold contrasts invariably reduced contrast sensitivity. Significant aftereffects could be observed even when adapting at low contrasts.The spatial-frequency tuning of aftereffects varied from cell to cell. Adapting at a given spatial frequency generally resulted in a broad response reduction at test frequencies above and below the adapting frequency. Many cells lost responses predominantly at frequencies lower than the adapting frequency.The tuning of aftereffects varied with the adapting frequency. In particular, the strongest aftereffects occurred near the adapting frequency. Adapting at frequencies just above the optimum for a cell often altered the spatial-frequency tuning by shifting the peak toward lower frequencies. The fact that the tuning of aftereffects did not simply match the tuning of the cell, but depended on the adapting stimulus, implies that extrinsic mechanisms are involved in adaptation effects.

Stages of Orientation Coding Assessed by the Tilt Aftereffect

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 70-70
Author(s):  
R Anderson ◽  
M A Georgeson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Tilt Aftereffect ◽  
Staircase Procedure ◽  
Test Grating ◽  
Spatial Frequency Tuning ◽  
Adaptation Condition ◽  
Parallel Condition

We investigated orientation coding via the spatial-frequency tuning of the tilt aftereffect (TAE). In the single-adaptation condition, subjects adapted to single gratings of 1 or 8 cycles deg−1, 40% contrast, tilted 15° clockwise or anticlockwise from vertical; in two double-adaptation conditions the 1 and 8 cycles deg−1 gratings were superimposed at opposite orientations (‘plaid’ condition) or at the same orientation (‘parallel’ condition). Test gratings of 1, 2, 4, and 8 cycles deg−1, 20% contrast, were presented for 150 ms in an interleaved staircase procedure that measured the TAE by nulling it, hence making a tilted test grating appear vertical. Initial adaptation was for 3 min, topped up for 2 s between test presentations. Results from the single-grating condition indicated broad spatial-frequency tuning of the TAE, since the effect was still strong when tested three octaves away from the adapter. In the parallel condition, the TAEs were around the average of those reported in the single condition. Negligible TAEs were found in the 1+8 cycles deg−1 plaid condition, indicating that opposing adaptations had effectively cancelled each other out. These findings strengthen the suggestion of Olzak and Thomas (1992 Vision Research32 1885 – 1898) that orientation is encoded via an integrative mechanism which pools or sums the outputs of different spatial-frequency channels, and further imply that much of the adaptation responsible for the TAE occurs at this later broad-band stage.

Do Monocular Tilt and Spatial Frequency Aftereffects Induce the Binocular Perception of Inclination and Slant?

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 18-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
M F Bradshaw ◽  
B J Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Frequency Shift ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Tilt Aftereffect ◽  
Spatial Periodicity ◽  
Binocular Perception

Prolonged viewing of a set of tilted lines can affect the perceived orientation of a second set of lines with a different physical orientation (tilt aftereffect). Similarly, prolonged viewing of a set of lines of a particular spatial periodicity can affect the perceived periodicity of a second set of lines with a different physical periodicity (spatial frequency shift aftereffect). We investigated whether a binocular difference resulting from monocular tilt or spatial frequency aftereffects could induce the perception of 3-D inclination or slant respectively. Observers adapted to monocular patterns (5 deg in diameter) arranged in a vertical ‘dumbbell’ configuration in dichoptic alternation. The adapting patterns differed in either orientation (±6.25° or ±11.25°) or in spatial frequency (±0.5 or ±0.75 octaves) from a test surface comprising vertical lines at 4 cycles deg−1. The period of adaptation was 3 min. Observers judged whether the test surfaces appeared to (i) form a convex or concave hinge in depth (after adaptation to tilt), or (ii) to slant in opposite directions about a vertical axis (after adaptation to periodicity). Using a relative slant/inclination judgment may be more sensitive than depth matching or nulling of a single surface (eg Sloane and Blake, 1987 Perception & Psychophysics42 569 – 575). Our results suggest that (i) differences in perceived periodicity in separate monocular images do not induce the impression of stereoscopic slant (confirming the results of Sloane and Blake) and (ii) differences in perceived orientation in separate monocular images do not induce an impression of stereoscopic inclination.

Local retinal adaptation and spatial frequency channels

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 1239-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Michael Jones ◽  
U. Tulunay-Keesey
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Retinal Adaptation

Selective Adaptation to Low Spatial Frequencies Does Not Decrease the Mueller-Lyer Illusion

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-347
Author(s):  
Janet D. Larsen ◽  
Beth Anne Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Selective Adaptation ◽  
Sinusoidal Grating ◽  
Square Wave ◽  
Frequency Information ◽  
Lyer Illusion ◽  
Spatial Frequencies

The idea that low spatial-frequency information in the Mueller-Lyer figure accounts for a major part of the illusion was tested in a series of five studies. In Study 1, subjects were selectively adapted to high or low square-wave spatial-frequency gratings with no difference in the magnitude of illusion they experienced. Similarly, adaptation to sinusoidal grating patterns with either high or low spatial frequency had no effect on the magnitude of illusion experienced (Studies 2 to 5). The failure of adaptation to low spatial-frequency gratings to affect the magnitude of illusion experienced indicates either that the illusion cannot be accounted for by the low spatial-frequency information or that adaptation of the visual system by grating patterns cannot be used to explore any effects of the low spatial frequencies in the figure.

Auditory Processing in Children's Speech Perception

1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan E. Sussman
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Selective Adaptation ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Acoustic Processing ◽  
Processing Differences ◽  
Children's Speech ◽  
The Continuum ◽  
Adaptation Effects

Five- to six-year-old children and adults participated in discrimination and selective adaptation speech perception tasks using a synthetic consonant-vowel continuum ranging from [bal to Ida]. In one condition of selective adaptation, attention was focused on the adapting stimulus, the continuum-endpoint ba], with a whispering task. In another condition, attention was focused away from the continuum-endpoint [da] adaptor to contralaterally presented syllables " she " and " see ." Results, compared with two more typical adaptation conditions, indicated that focused attention did not augment selective adaptation effects, particularly for children who showed smaller effects with focused attention on the adaptor. In contrast to adults, children did not significantly change labeling responses after exposure to endpoint-[ba] adaptors, results matching those of Sussman and Carney (1989). However, children did significantly change labeling following exposure to endpoint-[da] adaptors. Discrimination findings with five-formant consonant-vowel and single-formant stimuli supported the importance of acoustic processing for the selective adaptation tasks performed. Together, results support hypotheses of sensory processing differences in younger, normally developing children compared with adults and show that such abilities appear to be related to speech perception skills.

Orientation Channels in the Peripheral Visual Field

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 362-362
Author(s):  
R J Snowden
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
High Spatial Frequency ◽  
Selective Adaptation ◽  
Orientation Tuning ◽  
Peripheral Retina ◽  
Foveal Vision ◽  
Analysis Techniques

Peripheral vision has been modelled as a coarser version of foveal vision. Thus visual behaviour elicited by, say, a 2 cycles deg−1 grating imaged foveally would be reproduced in the periphery by a lower spatial frequency (say 1 cycle deg−1). Tuning for orientation is broader at a low than high spatial frequency (Snowden, 1992 Vision Research32 1965 – 1974). Taken together this leads to the surprising prediction that, given a particular spatial frequency, tuning for orientation is narrower for peripheral viewing! In this study it has also been found that orientation tuning broadens with increasing temporal frequency, but the opposite relationship has been reported for peripheral vision (Sharpe and Tolhurst, 1973 Vision Research13 2103 – 2112). Orientation bandwidths were measured by the method of selective adaptation following the procedures and analysis techniques described by Snowden (1991 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B246 53 – 59). The results show that orientation bandwidths did indeed narrow as a stimulus was imaged more peripherally, so that its bandwidth in the peripheral retina could be half that of the fovea. However, at a greater eccentricity, bandwidths broadened once more. The results were not influenced by the contrast of the adaptation pattern eliminating visibility as a possible explanation. Increasing temporal frequency broadened orientation bandwidth at all eccentricities.

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