Three Processes Which Occur during Adaptation to Transformation of the Visual Field

Perception ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Austin ◽  
G Singer ◽  
Meredith Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Intermanual Transfer ◽  
Sensory Adaptation ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Limb Position ◽  
Visual Shift ◽  
Behavioral Compensation ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Optical Transformation ◽  
Shift Data

Changes in visually guided responses, including spatial judgments of object or limb position, which result from optical transformation of visual input are usually referred to as adaptation. The purpose of this paper is to show that the response changes observed in adaptation can be conceptualized as resulting from at least three distinct components—behavioral compensation, sensory adaptation, and visual shift. Data from a series of experiments show the nature of the interaction of behavioral compensation and sensory adaptation. Implications of this latter finding for intermanual transfer are discussed.

Quick phases control ocular torsion during smooth pursuit

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 2151-2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard J. M. Hess ◽  
Jakob S. Thomassen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Eye Rotation ◽  
Smooth Tracking

One of the open questions in oculomotor control of visually guided eye movements is whether it is possible to smoothly track a target along a curvilinear path across the visual field without changing the torsional stance of the eye. We show in an experimental study of three-dimensional eye movements in subhuman primates ( Macaca mulatta) that although the pursuit system is able to smoothly change the orbital orientation of the eye's rotation axis, the smooth ocular motion was interrupted every few hundred milliseconds by a small quick phase with amplitude <1.5° while the animal tracked a target along a circle or ellipse. Specifically, during circular pursuit of targets moving at different angular eccentricities (5°, 10°, and 15°) relative to straight ahead at spatial frequencies of 0.067 and 0.1 Hz, the torsional amplitude of the intervening quick phases was typically around 1° or smaller and changed direction for clockwise vs. counterclockwise tracking. Reverse computations of the eye rotation based on the recorded angular eye velocity showed that the quick phases facilitate the overall control of ocular orientation in the roll plane, thereby minimizing torsional disturbances of the visual field. On the basis of a detailed kinematic analysis, we suggest that quick phases during curvilinear smooth tracking serve to minimize deviations from Donders' law, which are inevitable due to the spherical configuration space of smooth eye movements.

scholarly journals Route following by one-eyed ants suggests a revised model of normal route following

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Woodgate ◽  
Craig Perl ◽  
Thomas S. Collett
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Path Integration ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Short Route ◽  
Direct Path ◽  
Bar Examination ◽  
Wood Ants

SummaryThe prevailing account of visually controlled routes is that an ant learns views as it follows a route, while guided by other path-setting mechanisms. Once a set of route views is memorised, the insect follows the route by turning and moving forwards when the view on the retina matches a stored view. We have engineered a situation in which this account cannot suffice in order to discover whether there may be additional components to the performance of routes. One-eyed wood ants were trained to navigate a short route in the laboratory guided by a single black, vertical bar placed in the blinded visual field. Ants thus had to turn away from the route to see the bar. They often turned to look at or beyond the bar and then turned to face in the direction of the goal. Tests in which the bar was shifted to be more peripheral or more frontal than in training produced a corresponding change in the ants’ paths, demonstrating that they were guided by the bar, presumably obtaining information during scanning turns towards the bar. Examination of the endpoints of turns away from the bar suggest that ants use the bar for guidance by learning how large a turn-back is needed to face the goal. We suggest that the ants’ zigzag paths are an integral part of visually guided route following. In addition, on some runs in which ants did not take a direct path to the goal, they still turned to face and sometimes approach the goal for a short stretch. This off-route goal facing indicates that they store a vector from start to goal and use path integration to track their position relative to the endpoint of the vector.

Reacquisition Deficits in Prism Adaptation After Muscimol Microinjection Into the Ventral Premotor Cortex of Monkeys

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 1927-1938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Kurata ◽  
Eiji Hoshi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Prism Adaptation ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Dorsal Premotor Cortex ◽  
Reaching Task ◽  
Ventral Premotor Cortex ◽  
Target Locations

Reacquisition deficits in prism adaptation after muscimol microinjection into the ventral premotor cortex of monkeys. A small amount of muscimol (1 μl; concentration, 5 μg/μl) was injected into the ventral and dorsal premotor cortex areas (PMv and PMd, respectively) of monkeys, which then were required to perform a visually guided reaching task. For the task, the monkeys were required to reach for a target soon after it was presented on a screen. While performing the task, the monkeys’ eyes were covered with left 10°, right 10°, or no wedge prisms, for a block of 50–100 trials. Without the prisms, the monkeys reached the targets accurately. When the prisms were placed, the monkeys initially misreached the targets because the prisms displaced the visual field. Before the muscimol injection, the monkeys adapted to the prisms in 10–20 trials, judging from the horizontal distance between the target location and the point where the monkey touched the screen. After muscimol injection into the PMv, the monkeys lost the ability to readapt and touched the screen closer to the location of the targets as seen through the prisms. This deficit was observed at selective target locations, only when the targets were shifted contralaterally to the injected hemisphere. When muscimol was injected into the PMd, no such deficits were observed. There were no changes in the reaction and movement times induced by muscimol injections in either area. The results suggest that the PMv plays an important role in motor learning, specifically in recalibrating visual and motor coordinates.

Effects of eye rotation on visually guided behavior

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Presson ◽  
J. Moran ◽  
B. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Extraocular Muscle ◽  
Extraocular Muscles ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Mapping Data ◽  
Lower Field ◽  
Eye Rotation ◽  
Visual Field Deficits ◽  
Muscle Section

Visually guided behavior was examined in cats reared with one eye intorted, one eye extorted, or monocular section of the extraocular muscles. Kittens from 2 to 4 mo old jumped from a tower onto a platform in a pan of water. They refused to jump or missed the platform more often when forced to use the rotated eye than when forced to use the unoperated eye. This deficit was eliminated if the non-rotated eye was sutured at the time of eye rotation. Further, when the extraocular muscles were cut but the eye was not rotated, jumping was normal. Acuity was measured using an alley box in which the cats were required to distinguish between horizontal and vertical stripes. No cats were blind when tested with the operated eye. Although not conclusive, the data suggest that the acuity of the rotated eye was slightly lower than that of the unoperated eye. The visual field of the rotated eye was also abnormal. Regardless of the direction of eye rotation, the cats appeared blind in the contralateral and lower visual quadrants. This field deficit was much less severe in animals with extraocular muscle section alone and did not occur in rotation-plus-suture animals. The visual-field deficits in the contralateral field can be explained by assuming that each collicular or cortical region always controls orienting to the same region of the visual field. We are, however, unable to explain the deficits in the lower field in terms of the mapping data from the previous paper (4).

The eye of the domesticated sheep with implications for vision

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Piggins ◽  
C. J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Near Vision ◽  
Female Sheep ◽  
Distance Vision

AbstractThe eyes of eighteen female sheep (Ovis aries) were refracted and details of inter ocular distance, pupil size, shape and fundus presence recorded. The sheep eyes generally possessed very low hyperopia with little astigmatism, such physiological optics being expected to produce a well focused retinal image for objects in the middle and long distance. No evidence was found for accommodation, which would have produced a well focused ocular image for near objects. A further 10 sheep had their monocular and binocular visual fields measured. The estimated visual field suggests the existence of at least binocular vision, if not the presence of stereopsis. Given the lack of accommodation and a wide inter-ocular distance, it is likely that some degree of stereopsis exists in the animal's middle and long distance vision, but is absent in near vision. These findings support those taken from the animal's neurophysiology and observations of its visually guided behaviour.

Grasping Execution and Grasping Observation Activity of Single Neurons in the Macaque Anterior Intraparietal Area

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2342-2355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierpaolo Pani ◽  
Tom Theys ◽  
Maria C. Romero ◽  
Peter Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Simple Shape ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
First Person Perspective ◽  
Dorsal Visual Stream ◽  
Passive Fixation

Primates use vision to guide their actions in everyday life. Visually guided object grasping is known to rely on a network of cortical areas located in the parietal and premotor cortex. We recorded in the anterior intraparietal area (AIP), an area in the dorsal visual stream that is critical for object grasping and densely connected with the premotor cortex, while monkeys were grasping objects under visual guidance and during passive fixation of videos of grasping actions from the first-person perspective. All AIP neurons in this study responded during grasping execution in the light, that is, became more active after the hand had started to move toward the object and during grasping in the dark. More than half of these AIP neurons responded during the observation of a video of the same grasping actions on a display. Furthermore, these AIP neurons responded as strongly during passive fixation of movements of a hand on a scrambled background and to a lesser extent to a shape appearing within the visual field near the object. Therefore, AIP neurons responding during grasping execution also respond during passive observation of grasping actions and most of them even during passive observation of movements of a simple shape in the visual field.

scholarly journals No visual field advantage for visually-guided grasping movements made with the left hand

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 303-303
Author(s):  
C. L.R. Gonzalez ◽  
L. E. Brown ◽  
M. A. Goodale
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Left Hand

scholarly journals Asymmetrical representation of the upper and lower visual fields in oculomotor maps

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiguo Wang ◽  
Benchi Wang ◽  
Matthew Finkbeiner
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Lower Visual Field ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Fixation Stimulus ◽  
Visual Distractor ◽  
Upper Visual Field ◽  
Striate Area

The striate area devoted to the lower visual field (LVF) is larger than that devoted to the upper visual field (UVF). A similar anatomical asymmetry also exists in the LGN. Here we take advantage of two experimental tasks that are known to modulate the direction and amplitude of saccades to demonstrate a visual field asymmetry in oculomotor maps. Participants made visually guided saccades. In Experiment 1, the saccade target was accompanied by a visual distractor. The distractor's presence modulated the direction of saccades, and this effect was much stronger for LVF targets. In Experiment 2, the temporal gap between the offset of the fixation stimulus and the onset of the saccade target was manipulated. This manipulation modulated the amplitude of saccades and this modulation was stronger for saccades towards UVF targets. Taken together, these results suggest that the representation of both meridians and eccentricities in the LVF is compressed in oculomotor maps.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document