The US Semiconductor Industry: A Locational Analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 875-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J Scott ◽  
D P Angel
Keyword(s):  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Location Theory ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Locational Analysis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Production Complex ◽  
Organizational Features

This paper is a theoretical and empirical analysis of the locational dynamics of the US semiconductor industry. The analysis proceeds in six major stages. First, we review some recent developments in industrial location theory. Second, we describe the main technological and organizational features of the semiconductor industry. Third, we provide an empirical overview of the growth and development of the industry in the USA. Fourth, we examine the internal geography of the Silicon-Valley production complex. Fifth, we carry out a linear discriminant analysis of the geography of the industry in an attempt to distinguish Silicon-Valley establishments from non-Silicon-Valley establishments. Sixth, we look at the organizational/locational relationships between wafer fabrication and device assembly.

Recent developments in US law: Remedies and damages for improper patent listings in the FDA's Orange Book

10.5912/jcb29 ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G Brown
Keyword(s):  
Price Competition ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
White House ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
The Us ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Orange Book

The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (Publ. No. 98-417, 98 Stat. 1585 (1984)), commonly known as the Hatch–Waxman Act (the Act) provides the statutory framework by which most generic drugs are approved for marketing in the USA. Most provisions in the Act concern the standards and procedures the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must follow to approve generic drugs. A relatively small number of the provisions, however, create a framework for resolving patent disputes between the brand and generic pharmaceutical companies. These provisions have been the subject of much recent activity, in the US Courts, in Congress, in the FDA itself and in the White House. Much of the activity revolves around a publication by FDA entitled Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, known colloquially as the Orange Book.Under present FDA practice, the mere listing of a patent in the Orange Book corresponding to a brand pharmaceutical product invokes a number of statutory provisions that confer valuable exclusivity rights on the brand company, and also possibly on one or more generic companies. This situation creates a strong incentive for patentees and brand pharmaceutical companies to list patents in the Orange Book. A number of recent court cases have addressed the remedies and damages available when the listing is found to be improper. Thus far, the most successful means to challenge or prevent improper listings has been through private and governmental enforcement of the antitrust laws.

scholarly journals Power Struggle between China and the United States: Lessons of History

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-99
Author(s):  
L. Estachy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Wall Street ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Financial Power

Fernand Braudel, the economic historian, gave a key for reading the power struggles occurring today between the United States and China. «Just as a country at the center of a world-economy can hardly be expected to give up its privileges at international level, how can one hope that the dominant groups who combine capital and state power, and who are assured of international support, will agree to play the game and hand over to someone else?» In other words, the ruling circles in the United States, the hegemonic power of today, want to keep their leadership, China, the rising and challenging power, would like to replace the USA as the hegemonic country: the trade war starting in 2018 should be analysed in this context . The paper will deal with the recent developments of this hegemonic struggle: within the American establishment, the Pentagon and the US Department of Commerce have regained control over «Wall Street» which has resulted in an updated version of the US military-industrial complex, with China replacing the USSR in a new "cold war". Complex strategies are developped on both sides, involving manufacturing, technology, trade, financial, diplomatic and military issues. Referring to this geo-economic key for reading, a number of actions taken by the US government since 2018 aims in particular at checking China’s mounting economic and financial power. For the United States, it is about challenging the development of China’s influence in the world, in particular along the new maritime Silk Roads.

Liability of Hosting Provider with Regard to Open Libraries

2011 ◽  
pp. 430-446
Author(s):  
Thanos K. Tsingos
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Copyright Infringement ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
User Generated Content ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
The Us ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Eu

Internet allows free access of information to anyone, without any particular quantitative, temporal or geographical restriction. At the same time, the use of Web 2.0 technologies allows users to offer their personal contributions in order to enrich projects, such as the renowned “open libraries’” project. However, the emergence of “open libraries’, which is much related to the concept of the so called “User Generated content”, may give rise to several types of copyright infringement by reason of impairing one or more of the original author’s exclusive rights. In addition, Internet Service Providers may facilitate users’ infringing activities by offering either a mere access to the net or by providing them with hosting services for various actions to take place that may be properly characterized as copyright infringements by the applicable copyright law. In the abovementioned context, this chapter examines the issue of whether an Internet Hosting provider could be held liable for copyright infringement in terms of any content originated by the user, especially in relation to an open library, by offering a deeper understanding on the rules governing ISP’s liability in the USA and the EU. The author attempts to describe the main recent developments taken place in this area of law and conclude on the most important differences between the US and the EU legal order.

Small and medium technology enterprises in Zhongguancun and Silicon Valley

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Trunina ◽  
Xielin Liu ◽  
Jian Chen
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Collaboration Network ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Chinese Companies ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of similarities and differences between small and medium technology enterprises of Zhongguancun in China and Silicon Valley in the USA in the following aspects of their activities: scale, diversity and the strength of entrepreneurial networks; quality of collaboration network; reputation in the sense of stakeholders’ perception at the local market; and foreign networks. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a survey method. The analysis of variance statistical technique was applied to each aspect. Findings The investigation reveals that Chinese companies have more stakeholders among relatives and friends, government, universities, accounting/law, as well as collaborate more with competitors and suppliers, while the US companies have more and collaborate diverse relations with its clients. In America, companies tend to trust their partners more than they do in China. For Chinese companies, the local government appraises business more than the USA. Employees from the US companies also take more pride in telling others that they are members of the business. Domestic customers positively rate business products. Chinese companies actually have better access to foreign resources than the USA and collaborate more with their foreign stakeholders. Practical implications Understanding the distinctive features of each regional system is crucial for the success of small and medium technology enterprises for both Chinese and US entrepreneurs. Originality/value This paper is a pioneer in the comparison and analysis of the two regions.

The Sulfur Dioxide Allowance-Trading Program in the USA: Recent Developments and Lessons to be Learned

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Hansjürgens
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Tradeable Permits ◽  
Trading Market ◽  
The Us ◽  
Allowance Trading ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Trading Program ◽  
Quality Policy

The US Allowance Trading Program, which is an emission-trading program for sulfur dioxide, was put into effect on 1 January 1995. It is the first comprehensive attempt in US air-quality policy to practice the idea of emission trading. More than two years after its implementation, the allowance market offers the unique opportunity of evaluating the efficiency of tradeable-permit markets on a practical basis, rather than a solely theoretical one. The author analyzes the recent developments in the allowance-trading market and alternative ‘explanations’ used in attempts to explain low trading activity and low allowance prices. The author concludes that the present allowance price will prove to be equal to the abatement costs; the allowance-trading program is not only ecologically effective but is also economically efficient; and it plays an important role in the development of future tradeable-permits markets.

Measurement Invariance of a Universal Behavioral Screener Across Samples From the USA and Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gino Casale ◽  
Robert J. Volpe ◽  
Brian Daniels ◽  
Thomas Hennemann ◽  
Amy M. Briesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
School Based ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Universal Screener ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

Abstract. The current study examines the item and scalar equivalence of an abbreviated school-based universal screener that was cross-culturally translated and adapted from English into German. The instrument was designed to assess student behavior problems that impact classroom learning. Participants were 1,346 K-6 grade students from the US (n = 390, Mage = 9.23, 38.5% female) and Germany (n = 956, Mage = 8.04, 40.1% female). Measurement invariance was tested by multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) across students from the US and Germany. Results support full scalar invariance between students from the US and Germany (df = 266, χ2 = 790.141, Δχ2 = 6.9, p < .001, CFI = 0.976, ΔCFI = 0.000, RMSEA = 0.052, ΔRMSEA = −0.003) indicating that the factor structure, the factor loadings, and the item thresholds are comparable across samples. This finding implies that a full cross-cultural comparison including latent factor means and structural coefficients between the US and the German version of the abbreviated screener is possible. Therefore, the tool can be used in German schools as well as for cross-cultural research purposes between the US and Germany.

Sanctions of the USA and the Policy of Bank of Russia:double Blow to the National Economy

2014 ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Glazyev
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Capital Flight ◽  
Practical Advice ◽  
The Us ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Simultaneous Adoption ◽  
The Eu

This article examines fundamental questions of monetary policy in the context of challenges to the national security of Russia in connection with the imposition of economic sanctions by the US and the EU. It is proved that the policy of the Russian monetary authorities, particularly the Central Bank, artificially limiting the money supply in the domestic market and pandering to the export of capital, compounds the effects of economic sanctions and plunges the economy into depression. The article presents practical advice on the transition from external to domestic sources of long-term credit with the simultaneous adoption of measures to prevent capital flight.

Possibility of Using in Russia the Experience of LED Lighting Application at the USA Airfields

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Vorozhikhin ◽  
Eugenia L. Moreva ◽  
Vladimir G. Starovoytov ◽  
Igor G. Tyutyunnik
Keyword(s):  
Air Transportation ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Led Lighting ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Quality And Reliability ◽  
Lighting Application

The purpose of this paper is an investigation of LEDs illumination experience at US-based aerodromes with an assessment of its feasibility and its necessity in Russia. The following methods were used: the analysis of aerodrome lighting requirements; the review and the analysis of development features in aerodrome LEDs illumination; the experience analysis of LEDs illumination of US-based aerodromes; the deductive analysis and the assessment synthesis of feasibility and necessity of US experience in LEDs illumination at Russian-based aerodromes. The following results were achieved: – The analysis of issues and opportunities was conducted for development of LEDs illumination at US-based aerodromes and of American experts’ recommendations for its use; – The cases were taken for use and assessment of development in LEDs illumination at US-based aerodromes; – The review and the analysis were conducted in relation to a developing market of LEDs illumination at Russian-based aerodromes. The main conclusion is that the US experience will improve quality and reliability of service provided in air transportation, comfort, and safety of Russian flights, as well as competitiveness of Russian- based airports and airlines (indirectly).

Interaction of Ukrainian Diaspora and the USA Government Regarding Celebration of Ukrainian Independence Day on January 22

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (47) ◽  
pp. 136-145
Author(s):  
Halyna Shchyhelska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
The United States ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
The Public ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
The Us ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The Usa

2018 marks the 100th anniversary of the proclamation of Ukrainian independence. OnJanuary 22, 1918, the Ukrainian People’s Republic proclaimed its independence by adopting the IV Universal of the Ukrainian Central Rada, although this significant event was «wiped out» from the public consciousness on the territory of Ukraine during the years of the Soviet totalitarian regime. At the same time, January 22 was a crucial event for the Ukrainian diaspora in the USA. This article examines how American Ukrainians interacted with the USA Government institutions regarding the celebration and recognition of the Ukrainian Independence day on January 22. The attention is focused on the activities of ethnic Ukrainians in the United States, directed at the organization of the special celebration of the Ukrainian Independence anniversaries in the US Congress and cities. Drawing from the diaspora press and Congressional Records, this article argues that many members of Congress participated in the observed celebration and expressed kind feelings to the Ukrainian people, recognised their fight for freedom, during the House of Representatives and Senate sessions. Several Congressmen submitted the resolutions in the US Congress urging the President of United States to designate January 22 as «Ukrainian lndependence Day». January 22 was proclaimed Ukrainian Day by the governors of fifteen States and mayors of many cities. Keywords: January 22, Ukrainian independence day, Ukrainian diaspora, USA, interaction, Congress

scholarly journals Trends in educational mobility: How does China compare to Europe and the United States?

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-240
Author(s):  
Rob J Gruijters ◽  
Tak Wing Chan ◽  
John Ermisch
Keyword(s):  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Educational Mobility ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Large Decline ◽  
Inequality Of Educational Opportunity

Despite an impressive rise in school enrolment rates over the past few decades, there are concerns about growing inequality of educational opportunity in China. In this article, we examine the level and trend of educational mobility in China, and compare them to the situation in Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and the USA. Educational mobility is defined as the association between parents’ and children’s educational attainment. We show that China’s economic boom has been accompanied by a large decline in relative educational mobility chances, as measured by odds ratios. To elaborate, relative rates of educational mobility in China were, by international standards, quite high for those who grew up under state socialism. For the most recent cohorts, however, educational mobility rates have dropped to levels that are comparable to those of European countries, although they are still higher than the US level.

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