The Family of Goals-Achievement Matrix Methods: Respectable Enough for Citizen Participation in Planning?

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1151-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Sager
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Spatial Equilibrium ◽  
Land Rent ◽  
Matrix Methods ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
The Family ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

This article examines the problems of location and land rent within the framework of a linear and multisector production model in a radioconcentric space. In the case of a single product, the order of the differential fertility and location rent is examined. This order is neither given nor natural, but depends especially on the distribution. Formulating a spatial equilibrium with n goods where several qualities of soil exist raises a number of difficulties. When several techniques are used to manufacture a product then it is shown how different techniques are located in relation to the centre according to prices and the distribution variables. The manner in which a new technique is introduced and spreads in space is also examined. The predominant method used for evaluation in British structure planning compares strategies in terms of their achievement of particular criteria derived from community objectives. A recent survey shows that of the traditional evaluation techniques only modified goals-achievement matrix (GAM) methods are widely used in structure planning. This approach is also applied to local and project oriented planning processes where citizen participation seems even more necessary. The goals-achievement matrix was not presented by its originator—M Hill—as an entirely unambiguous method. It can be interpreted as a set of significantly diverging variants which are used here for three purposes: to show that economists' critique of GAM is too general, to clarify the connections between GAM and other well-known evaluation methods, and to discuss how GAM could best be structured for use in local participatory planning.

Rente Foncière et Modèle de Production

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1125-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
J-M Huriot
Keyword(s):  
Production Model ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Spatial Equilibrium ◽  
Land Rent ◽  
Single Product ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
A New Technique

This article examines the problems of location and land rent within the framework of a linear and multisector production model in a radioconcentric space. In the case of a single product, the order of the differential fertility and location rent is examined. This order is neither given nor natural, but depends especially on the distribution. Formulating a spatial equilibrium with n goods where several qualities of soil exist raises a number of difficulties. When several techniques are used to manufacture a product then it is shown how different techniques are located in relation to the centre according to prices and the distribution variables. The manner in which a new technique is introduced and spreads in space is also examined.

Mobile Participation

2013 ◽  
pp. 199-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Höffken ◽  
Bernd Streich
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Mobile Web Services ◽  
Mobile Web ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Networked Society

Smartphones and tablet computers are becoming essential in everyday life, connecting us in a powerful network through mobile web services. They open new channels of communication between citizens, institutions and administrations, offer greater access to public information, and facilitate increased participation. These new forms of collaborative social interaction revolutionize our information and knowledge society. The chapter examines the new opportunities opened up by mobile phones for mParticipation in the context of urban planning processes. After beginning with a theoretical overview about technical developments, eParticipation and the changes in communication in a networked society, it defines the concept of mParticipation. This is followed by an examination of six real-world projects. These examples are then used for the identification of best practices and for the analysis of the usefulness and effectiveness of these new participatory tools. In addition, the chapter discusses the possibilities as well as the barriers to mobile participation, and makes recommendations for the use of smartphones in urban planning. mParticipation opens new channels of communication, creates new ways of gathering local information and has the chance for creating a low-threshold gateway for citizen participation in urban planning, by improving databases and giving instant feedback.

Beyond Citizen Participation in Planning

2010 ◽  
pp. 195-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Camarda
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Environmental Planning ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
Agent Interactions ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Continuous Feedback ◽  
Problem Setting

The new complexity of planning knowledge implies innovation of planning methods, in both substance and procedure. The development of multi-agent cognitive processes, particularly when the agents are diverse and dynamically associated to their interaction arenas, may have manifold implications. In particular, interesting aspects are scale problems of distributed interaction, continuous feedback on problem setting, language and representation (formal, informal, hybrid, etc.) differences among agents (Bousquet, Le Page, 2004). In this concern, an increasing number of experiences on multi-agent interactions are today located within the processes of spatial and environmental planning. Yet, the upcoming presence of different human agents often acting au paire with artificial agents in a social physical environment (see, e.g., with sensors or data-mining routines) often suggests the use of hybrid MAS-based approaches (Al-Kodmany, 2002; Ron, 2005). In this framework, the chapter will scan experiences on the setting up of cooperative multi-agent systems, in order to investigate the potentials of that approach on the interaction of agents in planning processes, beyond participatory planning as such. This investigation will reflect on agent roles, behaviours, actions in planning processes themselves. Also, an attempt will be carried out to put down formal representation of supporting architectures for interaction and decision making.

scholarly journals Evaluating Community Engagement through Argumentation Maps—A Public Participation GIS Case Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Rinner ◽  
Michelle Bird
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Discussion Forum ◽  
Computer Users ◽  
Sustainable Community Development ◽  
Map Reading ◽  
Online Discussion Forum ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Interest And Knowledge

Significant advances in public participation geographic information systems technology and online mapping platforms have not translated into enhanced citizen participation in democratic planning processes. This study contributes to addressing this gap by evaluating the engagement of members of an urban community in sustainable neighbourhood planning through argumentation mapping. The study provided an online public discussion forum, together with a neighbourhood map to which the participants could link their discussion contributions. On the basis of participation statistics, contents of contributions, and responses to a survey, we discuss the participants' technical and engagement experiences. The sixteen registered participants lived within or near the ‘Queen West Triangle’ in downtown Toronto, Canada. They rated themselves as experienced computer users and consequently found the participation in the online discussion forum to be easy. The contributions showed a great degree of interest and knowledge in the issues of sustainable community development. However, while the majority of participants also rated themselves as comfortable with map reading, they found the handling of the online neighbourhood map difficult and did not use the option to link their comments to the map.

Addressing procedural bias in municipal planning governance: A case for incorporating citizen participation within technical advisory committees

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Stephen Kleinschmit
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Advisory Committees ◽  
Municipal Planning ◽  
Community Values ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Meetings ◽  
Regulatory Purpose ◽  
Power Differentials ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Technical Advisory Committee

This essay presents models of multiparty negotiation as a means to compare the conventional public meetings format of planning to a preliminary process, the technical advisory committee. A metric of market concentration, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, is used to quantify the structural advantages in each, and presented within the context of municipal planning processes. In doing so, this work advances several propositions: First, open meetings expand power differentials between parties, which lead to outcomes that reflect the political efficacy of participants over the regulatory purpose of government. Second, such meetings create substantial transaction costs for the public, creating a barrier to the expression of community values. Finally, preliminary processes constitute a more effective forum for citizen participation than open meetings.

scholarly journals INTERACTIVE SPATIAL WEB-APPLICATIONS AS NEW MEANS OF SUPPORT FOR URBAN DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES

2018 ◽  
Vol IV-4/W7 ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gebetsroither-Geringer ◽  
R. Stollnberger ◽  
J. Peters-Anders
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Open Government Data ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Government Data

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Citizen participation, co-creation &amp;ndash; a joint development of professionals and citizens &amp;ndash; initiatives for urban planning processes have increased significantly during the last few years. This development has been strongly supported by the evolution of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). E.g., it has never been easier to get information through your mobile devices wherever and whenever you want it. Public open spatial data is available in many cities around the world and web-based applications use this data to provide tools and services for many different topics such as traffic information, or the communication of health-related information (e.g. ozone, particulate matter or pollen loads). This paper presents typical problems of such web-applications in terms of application design and implementation and usability evaluation via describing three case study applications which have been developed recently. It tries to answer the question: How can this kind of geo-services be developed and used by scientists to enable public participation within data gathering and urban planning processes? All three applications have the common goal to provide interactive geo-visualization and analysis features which are tailored to support users in their urban planning processes. The innovation of those applications lies in their flexibility regarding the topics they can tackle and their capability to perform interactive analyses triggered by the user. The applications have been built with a strong focus on exploring the available data (e.g. Open Government Data &amp;ndash; OGD). Two of the applications have been implemented using the R-Shiny framework, the third application, the smarticipate platform, has been developed using ReactJS for the front-end, running a MongoDB in the background which is fed via a micro-service framework. In the latter application, the users can configure topics, i.e. the platform enables the user to create new services for different planning issues.</p>

scholarly journals Between Consultation and Collaboration: Self-Reported Objectives for 25 Web-Based Geoparticipation Projects in Urban Planning

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 783
Author(s):  
Ian Babelon ◽  
Jiří Pánek ◽  
Enzo Falco ◽  
Reinout Kleinhans ◽  
James Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Web Based ◽  
The Public ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Survey Responses

Web-based participatory mapping technologies are being increasingly harnessed by local governments to crowdsource local knowledge and engage the public in urban planning policies as a means of increasing the transparency and legitimacy of planning processes and decisions. We refer to these technologies as “geoparticipation”. Current innovations are outpacing research into the use of geoparticipation in participatory planning practices. To address this knowledge gap, this paper investigates the objectives of web-based geoparticipation and uses empirical evidence from online survey responses related to 25 urban planning projects in nine countries across three continents (Europe, North America, and Australia). The survey adopts the objectives of the Spectrum for Public Participation that range from information empowerment, with each category specifying promises about how public input is expected to influence decision-making (IAP2, 2018). Our findings show that geoparticipation can leverage a ‘middle-ground’ of citizen participation by facilitating involvement alongside consultation and/or collaboration. This paper constitutes a pilot study as a step toward more robust and replicable empirical studies for cross-country comparisons. Empowerment (or citizen control) is not yet a normative goal or outcome for web-based geoparticipation. Our evidence also suggests that information is pursued alongside other objectives for citizen participation, and therefore functions not as a “low-hanging fruit” as portrayed in the literature, but rather as a core component of higher intensities of participation.

scholarly journals User satisfaction from the perspective of acceptability in the family health scenario

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Pirani Gaioso ◽  
Silvana Martins Mishima
Keyword(s):  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Waiting Room ◽  
The Family ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
Planning Processes

The purpose of this study was to assess users' acceptability of the care offered and delivered by Family Health teams in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. This exploratory-descriptive study was based on a quantitative-qualitative approach method. The sample consisted of 171 users, registered at the four Family Health Units that cover the basic area of a secondary service. The study used semi structured interviews with analytical dimensions: infrastructure, accessibility, and team-user relationships. Descriptive statistics was used for calculations of standard deviation, mean and median, assisted by Statistical Package for Social Science, and thematic analysis. The results show predomination of the female gender (87,7%), age older than 60 years old (31.0%), and monthly income inferior to two minimum monthly salaries (34%). Users indicated considerate and affective interpersonal relations as one point of satisfaction and one of the aspects that differentiates health care. Dissatisfaction predominated in terms of environment, a long time spent in the waiting room, and organizational accessibility, impairing care longitudinality and continuity. Studies within this theme give opportunities to users, strengthening their participation in the planning processes and exercising social control.

scholarly journals Evaluating Community Engagement through Argumentation Maps - A Public Participation GIS Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Rinner ◽  
Michelle Bird
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Discussion Forum ◽  
Computer Users ◽  
Sustainable Community Development ◽  
Map Reading ◽  
Online Discussion Forum ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Interest And Knowledge

Significant advances in public participation geographic information systems technology and online mapping platforms have not translated into enhanced citizen participation in democratic planning processes. This study contributes to addressing this gap by evaluating the engagement of members of an urban community in sustainable neighbourhood planning through argumentation mapping. The study provided an online public discussion forum, together with a neighbourhood map to which the participants could link their discussion contributions. On the basis of participation statistics, contents of contributions, and responses to a survey, we discuss the participants’ technical and engagement experiences. The sixteen registered participants lived within or near the ‘Queen West Triangle’ in downtown Toronto, Canada. They rated themselves as experienced computer users and consequently found the participation in the online discussion forum to be easy. The contributions showed a great degree of interest and knowledge in the issues of sustainable community development. However, while the majority of participants also rated themselves as comfortable with map reading, they found the handling of the online neighbourhood map difficult and did not use the option to link their comments to the map.

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