Malformations of the brain: A neglected source of basic knowledge on the development of cerebral structure and functions

2002 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. 621
Keyword(s):  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Cerebral Structure ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structure And Functions

the Comparred Effect of Zyprasidone and Haloperidol at Hippocampal and Frontal Cortex at Rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
D. Marinescu ◽  
L. Mogoanta ◽  
T. Udristoiu
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Event ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
D2 Receptors ◽  
Cerebral Structure ◽  
The Brain

Background:The alteration of hippocampal and prefrontal structures is linked with schizophrenia cognitive impairment and negative symptoms. the antipsychotics can induced apoptotic mechanisms correlated with the psychopharmacological mechanism of excesive blocking of the D2 receptors. Distress determined increase of the glucocorticoid aggression wich drive to the decrease of neuroprotective capacity at the brain level.Methods:We formed 5 study lots (5 adults rats) and a control lot. the substancies were administrated intraperitoneal, daily, saline solution equivalent to: ziprasidone (1.25mg/kg/day) and haloperidole (0.20mg/kg/day), dexametasone (0.20mg/kg/day):N1 - Haloperidole; N2 - Dexametasone; N3 - Ziprasidone; N4 - Dexametasone and Haloperidole; N5 - Dexametasone and Ziprasidone; N6 -control lot.We monitorised the cardiovascular function, respiration and EPS, without signaling any serious deadly adverse event. the rats were sacrificed during the 10th day and 21th day.Results:Frontal cortex and hippocamp were the most intensely affected even since the 10-th day to the N4 (haloperidole and dexametasone) lot with massive neuronal loss at the VI, V, and IV frontal cerebral layers.The lots treated with ziprasidone presented significant lesser structural changes in frontal cortex and hippocamp, comparative to haloperidole. the lots treated with dexametasone and ziprasidone (N5) are lesser affected at the cerebral structure level.Conclusions:Haloperidole has a significant decrease in neuroprotection. Ziprasidone demonstrated an neuroprotective effect.

Introduction

Mind Shift ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
John Parrington
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Past History ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Human Uniqueness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

This introductory chapter begins by providing an overview of the power of the human brain, which is displayed in the wonders of modern civilization. Despite the human brain’s capacity for such intellectual and technological feats, we still know astonishingly little about how it achieves them. This deficit in understanding is a problem not only because it means we lack basic knowledge of the biological factors that underlie our human uniqueness, but also because, for all its amazing capabilities, the human mind seems particularly prone to dysfunction. Still, some would argue there is good reason to be optimistic about the prospect of developing new and better treatments for mental disorders in the not-so-distant future. Such optimism is based on the increasing potential to study how the brain works in various important new ways thanks to recent technological innovations. The chapter then considers two overly polarised views of the human mind. Ultimately, this book argues that society radically restructures the human brain within an individual person’s lifetime, and that it has also played a central role in the past history of our species, by shaping brain evolution.

Fundamentals of Neurobiology

2018 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
S. Nassir Ghaemi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Clinical Pictures ◽  
The Brain

This chapter examines the basic pharmacology of psychotropic drugs. Besides knowing what drugs do to certain chemicals or proteins in the brain, it is important to know where drugs affect those chemicals or proteins. There is some basic knowledge about neuroanatomy that is relevant to the clinical practice of psychopharmacology. It is accepted that neurobiology is an important factor in the etiology and pathophysiology of major psychiatric conditions—like schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease, as well as in other psychiatric clinical pictures. The general summary usually provided is that neurobiology represents a diathesis to psychiatric conditions, which is supplemented by environmental stress to produce observed clinical pictures. This mixture of genetics and environment is oversimplified in the minds of most mental health professionals. In fact, the mix depends on the illness. The biochemical neuroanatomy of the monoamines, glutamate, and GABA in the brain are discussed. Pharmacokinetic aspects of psychopharmacology are reviewed, including hepatic metabolism, drug half-lives, dosing, and tolerance and sensitization.

scholarly journals Lasting Differential Effects on Plasticity Induced by Prenatal Stress in Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayane Grigoryan ◽  
Menahem Segal
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Stress ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Stressful Stimulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Two Sectors ◽  
Structure And Functions

Early life adversaries have a profound impact on the developing brain structure and functions that persist long after the original traumatic experience has vanished. One of the extensively studied brain structures in relation to early life stress has been the hippocampus because of its unique association with cognitive processes of the brain. While the entire hippocampus shares the same intrinsic organization, it assumes different functions in its dorsal and ventral sectors (DH and VH, resp.), based on different connectivity with other brain structures. In the present review, we summarize the differences between DH and VH and discuss functional and structural effects of prenatal stress in the two sectors, with the realization that much is yet to be explored in understanding the opposite reactivity of the DH and VH to stressful stimulation.

scholarly journals XXI. On the functions of some parts of the brain, and on the relations between the brain and nerves of motion and sensation

1834 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 471-483 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Coma ◽  
Sources Of Error ◽  
The Senses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structure And Functions ◽  
Excruciating Pain

The difficulties which attend the investigation of the structure and functions of the brain are shown by the ineffective labours of two thousand years; and the first en­deavour of the author is to remove the idea of presumption that attaches to the very title of this paper. Perhaps the enumeration of some of the sources of error which have retarded discovery may be the best introduction and apology. The first impediment to success is in the nature of the inquiry, since extraordinary and contradictory results must be expected from experimenting on an organ so fine as that must be which ministers to sensibility and motion, and which is subject to change on every impression conveyed through the senses. This remarkable suscep­tibility is exemplified in what we often witness; extraordinary results, such as violent convulsions and excruciating pain, from causes which appear quite inadequate. For example, the presence of a minute spicula of bone which has penetrated to the brain, will at one time be attended with no consequence at all; at another it will occasion a deep coma, or loss both of sensibility and motion. Nay, symptoms apparently as formidable will be produced by slight irritation on remote nerves. Seeing these con­tradictory effects, is it reasonable to expect constant and satisfactory results from experiments in which deep wounds are inflicted on the brain of animals, or portions of it torn away ?

scholarly journals Structural and Functional Changes in Bosnian Family - Disappearance of the “Sofra”

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Amel Alić
Keyword(s):  
Social Economy ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Know How ◽  
Dominant Structure ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
Structure And Functions

The ‘sofra’ and ‘me′edeba’ are places where not only physiological needs of food consumption which are necessary for physical life are fulfilled, but they are also places where we prepare on fundamental, intellectual, emotional and social levels for participation in the society, adoption of basic knowledge about ways to satisfy own and others’ needs for safety, belonging, recognition, love, (Self) respect, and living of aesthetic and intellectual values. Before we sit at the ‘sofra’, we participate in serving of the food, and we learn to listen to and look at each other, to educate all senses by exchanging impressions and opinions about tastes. If all meanings of ‘sofra’ and ‘me’edeba’ are satisfied, we always happily go back to that place, but we also know how to transfer that knowledge to the next generation. Therefore, we learn to adopt culture through enculturation processes. The most explicit changes in dimension of adaptability and cohesion suggest that Bosnian family, besides social, economy, and political changes, passes through unprecedented and unique transformation, which could be connected to far more complex cultural changes – what we assume to be – transformation of normative / relational collectivism and individualism, increased migrations, different / changed role of religion, and a new paradigm of identity definition. In that sense, this article represents an attempt to determine in what way different custom, forms and functions of Bosnian family, above all, the dominant structure and functions, changes throughout the past three decades.

scholarly journals Heterodimeric D1-D2 dopamine receptors: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.L. Vekshina ◽  
P.K. Anokhin ◽  
A.G. Veretinskaya ◽  
I.Yu. Shamakina
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Receptors ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
D2 Dopamine Receptors ◽  
Receptor Interactions ◽  
Drug Addiction Treatment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structure And Functions

This review summarizes modern data on the structure and functions ofheteromersformed by D1 and D2 dopamine receptors focusing on their role in the mechanisms of drug dependence. This article discusses potential functional significance of heterodimeric D1-D2 dopamine receptorsdue to their localization in the brain as well as unique pharmacological propertiesversus constituent monomers. It is shown that heteromerization results in dramatic changes in activated signaling pathways compare to the corresponding monomers. These studies update our current knowledge of ligand-receptor interactions and provide better understanding of dopamine receptors pharmacology. Furthermore elucidation of significance of heterodimeric D1-D2 dopamine receptors as drug targets is important for the development of new effective drug addiction treatment.

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