A Moveable Atlas, showing the Structure and Functions of the Brain, &c. By Professor G. J. Witkowski, M.D. Baillière, Tindall and Co., London.

1881 ◽  
Vol 27 (117) ◽  
pp. 95-95
Keyword(s):  
The Brain ◽  
Structure And Functions

scholarly journals Lasting Differential Effects on Plasticity Induced by Prenatal Stress in Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayane Grigoryan ◽  
Menahem Segal
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Stress ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Stressful Stimulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Two Sectors ◽  
Structure And Functions

Early life adversaries have a profound impact on the developing brain structure and functions that persist long after the original traumatic experience has vanished. One of the extensively studied brain structures in relation to early life stress has been the hippocampus because of its unique association with cognitive processes of the brain. While the entire hippocampus shares the same intrinsic organization, it assumes different functions in its dorsal and ventral sectors (DH and VH, resp.), based on different connectivity with other brain structures. In the present review, we summarize the differences between DH and VH and discuss functional and structural effects of prenatal stress in the two sectors, with the realization that much is yet to be explored in understanding the opposite reactivity of the DH and VH to stressful stimulation.

scholarly journals XXI. On the functions of some parts of the brain, and on the relations between the brain and nerves of motion and sensation

1834 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 471-483 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Coma ◽  
Sources Of Error ◽  
The Senses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structure And Functions ◽  
Excruciating Pain

The difficulties which attend the investigation of the structure and functions of the brain are shown by the ineffective labours of two thousand years; and the first en­deavour of the author is to remove the idea of presumption that attaches to the very title of this paper. Perhaps the enumeration of some of the sources of error which have retarded discovery may be the best introduction and apology. The first impediment to success is in the nature of the inquiry, since extraordinary and contradictory results must be expected from experimenting on an organ so fine as that must be which ministers to sensibility and motion, and which is subject to change on every impression conveyed through the senses. This remarkable suscep­tibility is exemplified in what we often witness; extraordinary results, such as violent convulsions and excruciating pain, from causes which appear quite inadequate. For example, the presence of a minute spicula of bone which has penetrated to the brain, will at one time be attended with no consequence at all; at another it will occasion a deep coma, or loss both of sensibility and motion. Nay, symptoms apparently as formidable will be produced by slight irritation on remote nerves. Seeing these con­tradictory effects, is it reasonable to expect constant and satisfactory results from experiments in which deep wounds are inflicted on the brain of animals, or portions of it torn away ?

scholarly journals Heterodimeric D1-D2 dopamine receptors: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.L. Vekshina ◽  
P.K. Anokhin ◽  
A.G. Veretinskaya ◽  
I.Yu. Shamakina
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Receptors ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
D2 Dopamine Receptors ◽  
Receptor Interactions ◽  
Drug Addiction Treatment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structure And Functions

This review summarizes modern data on the structure and functions ofheteromersformed by D1 and D2 dopamine receptors focusing on their role in the mechanisms of drug dependence. This article discusses potential functional significance of heterodimeric D1-D2 dopamine receptorsdue to their localization in the brain as well as unique pharmacological propertiesversus constituent monomers. It is shown that heteromerization results in dramatic changes in activated signaling pathways compare to the corresponding monomers. These studies update our current knowledge of ligand-receptor interactions and provide better understanding of dopamine receptors pharmacology. Furthermore elucidation of significance of heterodimeric D1-D2 dopamine receptors as drug targets is important for the development of new effective drug addiction treatment.

scholarly journals Recent Advancements in Emerging Neuromorphic Device Technologies     

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyong Woo ◽  
Heebum Kang ◽  
Hyun Wook Kim ◽  
Eun Ryeong Hong
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Network Algorithms ◽  
Neuromorphic Systems ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Binary Information ◽  
Silicon Transistor ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structure And Functions

The explosive growth of data and information has motivated technological developments in computing systems that utilize them for efficiently discovering patterns and gaining relevant insights. Inspired by the structure and functions of biological synapses and neurons in the brain, neural network algorithms that can realize highly parallel computations have been implemented on conventional silicon transistor-based hardware. However, synapses composed of multiple transistors allow only binary information to be stored, and processing such digital states through complicated silicon neuron circuits makes low-power and low-latency computing difficult. Therefore, the attractiveness of the emerging memories and switches for synaptic and neuronal elements, respectively, in implementing neuromorphic systems, which are suitable for performing energy-efficient cognitive functions and recognition, is discussed herein. Based on a literature survey, recent progress concerning memories shows that novel strategies related to materials and device engineering to mitigate challenges are presented to primarily achieve nonvolatile analog synaptic characteristics. Attempts to emulate the role of the neuron in various ways using compact switches and volatile memories are also discussed. It is hoped that this review will help direct future interdisciplinary research on device, circuit, and architecture levels of neuromorphic systems. Corresponding author(s) Email:   [email protected]  

The Thyroid Hormone ReceptorβGene: Structure and Functions in the Brain and Sensory Systems

Thyroid ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1057-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwan Jones ◽  
Maya Srinivas ◽  
Lily Ng ◽  
Douglas Forrest
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structure And Functions
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