ABSTRACT
Comamonas testosteroni TA441 degrades steroids via aromatization of the A ring, followed by degradation of 9,17-dioxo-1,2,3,4,10,19-hexanorandrostan-5-oic acid, mainly by β-oxidation. In this study, we revealed that 7β,9α-dihydroxy-17-oxo-1,2,3,4,10,19-hexanorandrostanoic acid-coenzyme A (CoA) ester is dehydrogenated by (3S)-3-hydroxylacyl CoA-dehydrogenase, encoded by scdE (ORF27), and then the resultant 9α-hydroxy-7,17-dioxo-1,2,3,4,10,19-hexanorandrostan-5-oic acid-CoA ester is converted by 3-ketoacyl-CoA transferase, encoded by scdF (ORF23). With these results, the whole cycle of β-oxidation on the side chain at C-8 of 9,17-dioxo-1,2,3,4,10,19-hexanorandrostan-5-oic acid is clarified; 9-hydroxy-17-oxo-1,2,3,4,10,19-hexanorandrostan-5-oic acid-CoA ester is dehydrogenated at C-6 by ScdC1C2, followed by hydration by ScdD. 7β,9α-Dihydroxy-17-oxo-1,2,3,4,10,19-hexanorandrostanoic acid-CoA ester then is dehydrogenated by ScdE to be converted to 9α-hydroxy-17-oxo-1,2,3,4,5,6,10,19-octanorandrostan-7-oic acid-CoA ester and acetyl-CoA by ScdF. ScdF is an ortholog of FadA6 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, which was reported as a 3-ketoacyl-CoA transferase involved in C ring cleavage. We also obtained results suggesting that ScdF is also involved in C ring cleavage, but further investigation is required for confirmation. ORF25 and ORF26, located between scdF and scdE, encode enzymes belonging to the amidase superfamily. Disrupting either ORF25 or ORF26 did not affect steroid degradation. Among the bacteria having gene clusters similar to those of tesB to tesR, some have both ORF25- and ORF26-like proteins or only an ORF26-like protein, but others do not have either ORF25- or ORF26-like proteins. ORF25 and ORF26 are not crucial for steroid degradation, yet they might provide clues to elucidate the evolution of bacterial steroid degradation clusters.
IMPORTANCE Studies on bacterial steroid degradation were initiated more than 50 years ago primarily to obtain materials for steroid drugs. Steroid-degrading bacteria are globally distributed, and the role of bacterial steroid degradation in the environment as well as in relation to human health is attracting attention. The overall aerobic degradation of the four basic steroidal rings has been proposed; however, there is still much to be revealed to understand the complete degradation pathway. This study aims to uncover the whole steroid degradation process in Comamonas testosteroni TA441 as a model of steroid-degrading bacteria. C. testosteroni is one of the most studied representative steroid-degrading bacteria and is suitable for exploring the degradation pathway, because the involvement of degradation-related genes can be determined by gene disruption. Here, we elucidated the entire β-oxidation cycle of the cleaved B ring. This cycle is essential for the following C and D ring cleavage.
The Role of the Reactive Species Involved in the Photocatalytic Degradation of HDPE Microplastics Using C,N-TiO2 Powders