Direct measurement of the plasma loss width in an optimized, high ionization fraction, magnetic multi-dipole ring cusp

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 102505 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Cooper ◽  
D. B. Weisberg ◽  
I. Khalzov ◽  
J. Milhone ◽  
K. Flanagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Plasma Loss ◽  
High Ionization ◽  
Ionization Fraction

scholarly journals Spectrophotometry of SN 1987A from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory

1996 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 183-191
Author(s):  
Diane H. Wooden
Keyword(s):  
Iron Group ◽  
Line Intensities ◽  
Sn 1987A ◽  
High Ionization ◽  
Ionization Fraction

Explosion calculations of SN 1987A generate pictures of Rayleigh-Taylor fingers of radioactive 56Ni (56Ni → 56Co → 56Fe) which are boosted to velocities of several thousand km s-1. From the KAO observations of the mid-IR iron lines, a picture of the iron in the ejecta emerges which is consistent with the ‘frothy iron fingers’ having expanded to fill about 50% of the metal-rich volume of the ejecta (vm ≤ 2500 km s-1). The ratio of the nickel line intensities I([Ni I]7.5µm)/I([Ni II]6.6µm) yields a high ionization fraction of xNi ≥ 0.9 in the volume associated with the iron-group elements at day 415, before dust condenses in the ejecta.

An Attack on the Contamination Problem in the Electron Microscope

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 368-368
Author(s):  
J. J. Kelsch ◽  
A. Holtz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Ionization Potential ◽  
Simple Solution ◽  
Specimen Surface ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Local Pressure ◽  
High Ionization ◽  
Hydrocarbon Molecules ◽  
Contamination Problem

A simple solution to the serious problem of specimen contamination in the electron microscope is presented. This is accomplished by the introduction of clean helium into the vacuum exactly at the specimen position. The local pressure gradient thus established inhibits the migration of hydrocarbon molecules to the specimen surface. The high ionization potential of He permits the use of relatively large volumes of the gas, without interfering with gun stability. The contamination rate is reduced on metal samples by a factor of 10.

Direct Measurement of the Listening of Hearing-Impaired Children

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Mira
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Continuous Measurement ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Reinforcement System ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Conjugate Reinforcement ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Hearing Impaired Children

Listening, a significant dimension of the behavior of hearing-impaired children, may be measured directly by recording childrens' responses to obtain audio narrations programmed via a conjugate reinforcement system. Twelve hearing-impaired, school-aged children responded in varying ways to the opportunity to listen. Direct and continuous measurement of listening has relevance for evaluation of remediation methods and for discovery of variables potentially related to listening.

DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF TILT ANGLE IN SMECTIC MESOPHASES BY NEUTRON DIFFRACTION

1976 ◽  
Vol 37 (C3) ◽  
pp. C3-127-C3-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. HERVET ◽  
S. LAGOMARSINO ◽  
F. RUSTICHELLI ◽  
F. VOLINO
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Tilt Angle
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