The relativistic solar proton ground-level enhancements associated with the solar neutron events of 11 June, 15 June 1991

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Smart ◽  
M. A. Shea ◽  
L. C. Gentile
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Solar Proton ◽  
Solar Neutron ◽  
Ground Level Enhancements

scholarly journals Current status and possible extension of the global neutron monitor network

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Alexander Mishev ◽  
Ilya Usoskin
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Neutron Monitor ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Solar Proton ◽  
Energetic Particles ◽  
Solar Energetic Particles ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Flight Altitude ◽  
Ground Level Enhancements

The global neutron monitor network has been successfully used over several decades to study cosmic ray variations and fluxes of energetic solar particles. Nowadays, it is used also for space weather purposes, e.g. alerts and assessment of the exposure to radiation. Here, we present the current status of the global neutron monitor network. We discuss the ability of the global neutron monitor network to study solar energetic particles, specifically during large ground level enhancements. We demonstrate as an example, the derived solar proton characteristics during ground level enhancements GLE #5 and the resulting effective dose over the globe at a typical commercial jet flight altitude of 40 kft (≈12,200 m) above sea level. We present a plan for improvement of space weather services and applications of the global neutron monitor network, specifically for studies related to solar energetic particles, namely an extension of the existing network with several new monitors. We discuss the ability of the optimized global neutron monitor network to study various populations of solar energetic particles and to provide reliable space weather services.

scholarly journals Characteristics of solar proton events associated with ground level enhancements

2010 ◽  
Vol 115 (A10) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Y. Oh ◽  
Y. Yi ◽  
J. W. Bieber ◽  
P. Evenson ◽  
Y. K. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Solar Proton ◽  
Solar Proton Events ◽  
Ground Level Enhancements

scholarly journals Enhancement of stratospheric aerosols after solar proton event

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1119-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. I. Shumilov ◽  
E. A. Kasatkina ◽  
K. Henriksen ◽  
E. V. Vashenyuk
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Solar Proton ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Nucleation Mechanism ◽  
Solar Proton Event ◽  
Proton Event ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Event Type ◽  
Lidar Measurements

Abstract. The lidar measurements at Verhnetulomski observatory (68.6°N, 31.8°E) at Kola peninsula detected a considerable increase of stratospheric aerosol concentration after the solar proton event of GLE (ground level event) type on the 16/02/84. This increase was located at precisely the same altitude range where the energetic solar protons lost their energy in the atmosphere. The aerosol layer formed precipitated quickly (1–2 km per day) during 18, 19, and 20 February 1984, and the increase of R(H) (backscattering ratio) at 17 km altitude reached 40% on 20/02/84. We present the model calculation of CN (condensation nuclei) altitude distribution on the basis of an ion-nucleation mechanism, taking into account the experimental energy distribution of incident solar protons. The meteorological situation during the event was also investigated.

scholarly journals Retrospective analysis of GLEs and estimates of radiation risks

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. A52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonty I. Miroshnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Solar Cosmic Rays ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
Unique Distribution ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Ground Level Enhancements

28 February 2017 marked 75 years since the first confident registration of solar cosmic rays (SCRs), i.e., accelerated solar particles with energies from about 106 to ~1010 ÷ 1011 eV. Modern state of the problems related to the studies of Ground Level Enhancements (GLEs) of relativistic SCRs is critically analyzed based on available direct and proxy data. We are also taking into account extremely large fluxes of non-relativistic solar energetic particles (SEPs). Both kinds of SCR events are of great astrophysical and geo-scientific (geophysical) interests. A number of the GLE properties (total statistics, occurrence rate, longitude distribution, ranking of GLEs, a number of specific GLEs – so-called “rogue” SEP events etc.) are discussed in some detail. We note also the problems of GLE identification (definition) by ground-based observations, the difficulties in the studies of weak (“hidden”, or sub-) GLEs etc. One of serious challenges to the problem of radiation hazard in space is a lack of a clear, unambiguous relation between the fluxes (fluences) of relativistic SCR and non-relativistic SEPs. Special attention is paid to the recent debate on the validity, origin and properties of the “ancient” events AD775, AD994, AD1859 (Carrington event) and BC3372. We demonstrate that, in spite of existing uncertainties in proton fluences above 30 MeV, all of them are fitted well by a unique distribution function, at least, with the present level of solar activity. Extremely large SEP events are shown to obey a probabilistic distribution on their fluences with a sharp break in the range of large fluences (or low probabilities). The studies of this kind may be extended for periods with different levels of solar activity in the past and/or in the future. Dose rates at aircraft altitudes are also demonstrated during some GLEs. Several examples of using the SCR data and GLE properties in radiation prediction schemes are considered.

scholarly journals Ionization effect of solar particle GLE events in low and middle atmosphere

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 30381-30404 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Usoskin ◽  
G. A. Kovaltsov ◽  
I. A. Mironova ◽  
A. J. Tylka ◽  
W. F. Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Solar Proton ◽  
Energy Spectra ◽  
Wide Energy Range ◽  
Ground Level Enhancement ◽  
Direct Ionization ◽  
Ionization Effect ◽  
The World ◽  
Wide Energy

Abstract. Using a new reconstruction of the solar proton energy spectra for Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) events, based on fits to measurements from ground-based and satellite-borne instruments covering a wide energy range, we quantitatively evaluate the possible ionization effects in the low and middle atmosphere for 58 out of the 66 GLE events recorded by the world-wide neutron monitor network since 1956. The ionization computations are based on the numerical 3-D CRAC:CRII model. A table of the ionization effect caused by the GLE events at different atmospheric heights is provided. It is shown that the direct ionization effect is negligible or even negative, due to the accompanying Forbush decreases, in all low- and mid-latitude regions. The ionization effect is important only in the polar atmosphere, where it can be dramatic in the middle and upper atmosphere (above 30 km) during major GLE events.

scholarly journals Inversion Methodology of Ground Level Enhancements

2017 ◽  
pp. 179-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Heber ◽  
N. Agueda ◽  
R. Bütikofer ◽  
D. Galsdorf ◽  
K. Herbst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Ground Level Enhancements

scholarly journals Detecting Ground Level Enhancements using Soil Moisture Sensor Networks

Space Weather ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. P. Hands ◽  
F. Baird ◽  
K. A. Ryden ◽  
C. S. Dyer ◽  
F. Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Ground Level Enhancements
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