A New Evidence of the Stability of (Mg, Fe)SiO3 Perovskite at Lower Mantle Conditions: Shock Recovery Experiments

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
XiuFang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Lower Mantle ◽  
The Stability ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Shock Recovery Experiments

Income elasticity of overnight stays over seven decades

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1015-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Falk ◽  
Xiang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Overnight Stays ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Specific Country

This article provides new evidence on the stability of the long-run income elasticity of tourism and travel demand by use of the recently developed smooth time-varying cointegration regression model. The estimations control for relative purchasing power parity of the source country and make use of a specific country dataset where domestic and foreign overnight stays are available over a longer period of time (Switzerland, 1934–2015). Results show that the income elasticity of foreign overnight stays peaks at approximately two in the early 1960s, drops to around one in the early 1980s and from then on remains stable until the end of the sample. Domestic income elasticity reaches its highest levels in the 1930s, then steadily falls towards one in the mid-1960s, and therefrom remains stable until 2015. Different phases in the tourism area life cycle might be a major explanatory factor for variation in income elasticities over time.

scholarly journals Evidence for the stability of ultrahydrous stishovite in Earth’s lower mantle

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhao Lin ◽  
Qingyang Hu ◽  
Yue Meng ◽  
Michael Walter ◽  
Ho-Kwang Mao
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Lower Mantle ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Components ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Stability Of Water

The distribution and transportation of water in Earth’s interior depends on the stability of water-bearing phases. The transition zone in Earth’s mantle is generally accepted as an important potential water reservoir because its main constituents, wadsleyite and ringwoodite, can incorporate weight percent levels of H2O in their structures at mantle temperatures. The extent to which water can be transported beyond the transition zone deeper into the mantle depends on the water carrying capacity of minerals stable in subducted lithosphere. Stishovite is one of the major mineral components in subducting oceanic crust, yet the capacity of stishovite to incorporate water beyond at lower mantle conditions remains speculative. In this study, we combine in situ laser heating with synchrotron X-ray diffraction to show that the unit cell volume of stishovite synthesized under hydrous conditions is ∼2.3 to 5.0% greater than that of anhydrous stishovite at pressures of ∼27 to 58 GPa and temperatures of 1,240 to 1,835 K. Our results indicate that stishovite, even at temperatures along a mantle geotherm, can potentially incorporate weight percent levels of H2O in its crystal structure and has the potential to be a key phase for transporting and storing water in the lower mantle.

scholarly journals Negotiating Positive Non-interventionism: Regulating Hong Kong's Finance Companies, 1976–1986

2017 ◽  
Vol 230 ◽  
pp. 348-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine R. Schenk
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Financial Centre ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Banking Structure ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Distinctive Role

AbstractSince colonial times to the present day, Hong Kong's position as a global financial centre is one of the enduring economic strengths of the territory. This success is often attributed to the distinctive role of the state, coined in the 1970s by the-then financial secretary, Sir Philip Haddon-Cave, as “positive non-interventionism.” The relationship between the market and the state has also been characterized as a form of corporatism, particularly in the financial sector as bankers were able to influence policy. However, closer examination of the behind-the-scenes relations between bankers and the state reveals a much more complex relationship, with the banks seeking protection that the government was not willing to provide. Moreover, the reluctance to regulate financial markets resulted in piecemeal interventions and weak implementation that undermined the stability of this sector and of the economy as a whole. This paper demonstrates the confusion over the concept and practicalities of positive non-interventionism, even for Haddon-Cave, and how the concept evolved towards a policy of “when in doubt, do nothing” during a period of financial instability. Along the way, the paper presents new evidence about the origins of Hong Kong's current banking structure.

scholarly journals First synthesis of a unique icosahedral phase from the Khatyrka meteorite by shock-recovery experiment

IUCrJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinping Hu ◽  
Paul D. Asimow ◽  
Chi Ma ◽  
Luca Bindi
Keyword(s):  
Phase Ii ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Icosahedral Phase ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Target Chamber ◽  
Stability Field ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shock Recovery Experiments

Icosahedral quasicrystals (i-phases) in the Al–Cu–Fe system are of great interest because of their perfect quasicrystalline structure and natural occurrences in the Khatyrka meteorite. The natural quasicrystal of composition Al62Cu31Fe7, referred to as i-phase II, is unique because it deviates significantly from the stability field of i-phase and has not been synthesized in a laboratory setting to date. Synthetic i-phases formed in shock-recovery experiments present a novel strategy for exploring the stability of new quasicrystal compositions and prove the impact origin of natural quasicrystals. In this study, an Al–Cu–W graded density impactor (GDI, originally manufactured as a ramp-generating impactor but here used as a target) disk was shocked to sample a full range of Al/Cu starting ratios in an Fe-bearing 304 stainless-steel target chamber. In a strongly deformed region of the recovered sample, reactions between the GDI and the steel produced an assemblage of co-existing Al61.5Cu30.3Fe6.8Cr1.4 i-phase II + stolperite (β, AlCu) + khatyrkite (θ, Al2Cu), an exact match to the natural i-phase II assemblage in the meteorite. In a second experiment, the continuous interface between the GDI and steel formed another more Fe-rich quinary i-phase (Al68.6Fe14.5Cu11.2Cr4Ni1.8), together with stolperite and hollisterite (λ, Al13Fe4), which is the expected assemblage at phase equilibrium. This study is the first laboratory reproduction of i-phase II with its natural assemblage. It suggests that the field of thermodynamically stable icosahedrite (Al63Cu24Fe13) could separate into two disconnected fields under shock pressure above 20 GPa, leading to the co-existence of Fe-rich and Fe-poor i-phases like the case in Khatyrka. In light of this, shock-recovery experiments do indeed offer an efficient method of constraining the impact conditions recorded by quasicrystal-bearing meteorite, and exploring formation conditions and mechanisms leading to quasicrystals.

The stability of magnesite in the transition zone and the lower mantle as function of oxygen fugacity

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (19) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Stagno ◽  
Y. Tange ◽  
N. Miyajima ◽  
C. A. McCammon ◽  
T. Irifune ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Oxygen Fugacity ◽  
Lower Mantle ◽  
The Stability

Solar neon in the Icelandic mantle: new evidence for an undegassed lower mantle

2001 ◽  
Vol 185 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Moreira ◽  
Kresten Breddam ◽  
Joshua Curtice ◽  
Mark D. Kurz
Keyword(s):  
Lower Mantle ◽  
New Evidence

Stability versus fragility: new evidence from 84 banks

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsin Ali ◽  
Omair Haroon ◽  
Syed Aun R. Rizvi ◽  
Wajahat Azmi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Stability ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to examine whether competition from Islamic banks add to the financial stability and profitability of financial sector and to assess the sources of such (in)stability. Design/methodology/approach Using Herfindahl–Hirschman Index as a measure of competition and Z-score as a measure of stability, the authors run panel GMM regressions to assess their association with data from 84 banks in Indonesia and Malaysia over a period from 2005 to 2018. Findings Increasing competition from Islamic banks in East Asian banking industry adds to the stability of the system while it does not affect profitability. This stability is derived from both asset and liability side. Research limitations/implications While adding to the literature on banking and Islamic finance, this paper suggests to the policy makers that policies promoting Islamic banking will tend to assist in enhancing financial sector stability. Practical implications Growth in alternative financial instruments brings steadiness within the financial structure. Such growth and competition should be encouraged. Originality/value The paper exploits an interesting setting of dual-banking industry in two large Muslim-majority developing country for testing two competing theories: competition-fragility and competition-stability. Such a setting also allowed us to examine whether increasing stability of financial sector is driven by demand or supply.

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