Working schemas and normative models in French governance of Islam

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Governance Of Islam ◽  
Normative Models

Psychology and the New Private Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-142
Author(s):  
Tess Wilkinson-Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Legal Decision ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
Legal Decision Making ◽  
Normative Models

This chapter presents a framework for understanding the most promising contributions of psychological methods and insights for private law. It focuses on two related domains of psychological research: cognitive and social psychology. Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes, which one might shorthand as “thinking.” Social psychology asks about the role of other people—actual, implied, or imagined—on mental states and human behavior. The chapter is oriented around five core psychological insights: calculation, motivation, emotion, social influence, and moral values. Legal scholarship by turns tries to explain legal decision-making, tries to calibrate incentives, and tries to justify its values and its means. Psychology speaks to these descriptive, prescriptive, and normative models of decision-making. The chapter then argues that psychological analysis of legal decision-making challenges the work that the idea of choice and preference is doing in private law, especially in the wake of the law and economics movement.

scholarly journals Ethnicity-Specific Normative Models of Quadruple Test as a Screening Test for Down Syndrome

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 651
Author(s):  
Praetip Praikaew ◽  
Kuntharee Traisrisilp ◽  
Chanane Wanapirak ◽  
Ratanaporn Sekararithi ◽  
Theera Tongsong
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Serum Biomarkers ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inhibin A ◽  
Thai Women ◽  
Normative Models

Background and Objectives: To establish normative models for median levels of serum biomarkers of the second trimester quad test (alpha-fetoprotein: AFP; free beta-human gonadotropins: hCG; inhibin-A; and unconjugated estriol: uE3) specific to Thai women and to compare multiples of the median (MoMs) derived from ethnicity-specific models and those derived from Caucasian models with ethnic correction. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in a tertiary, medical teaching center among low-risk pregnant Thai women between 14 and 21 weeks of gestation to measure the levels of the four serum biomarkers. The measured values of each biomarker were analyzed using the multivariable factorial polynomial technique for quantile regression as a function of gestational age and maternal weight. Results: The Thai-specific normative models for the four biomarkers were generated and available for use. The MoMs of all individuals generated from our models were significantly different from conventional (Caucasian) models with ethnic correction (Wilcoxon signed-rank test; p < 0.0001 for all biomarkers). The MoMs of AFP and hCG from both methods were in agreement, but those from Thai-specific models were significantly higher. However, those of inhibin-A and uE3 were markedly different and ethnic correction was unlikely to be useful. Conclusions: The Thai-specific normative models of the quad test as a function of gestational age and maternal weight were constructed using multivariable factorial polynomial models, better than simple quantile regression or log-linear regression used in earlier decades. The analysis of MoMs supports the use of ethnicity-specific models instead of Caucasian models with ethnic correction.

scholarly journals Improving the predictive potential of diffusion MRI in schizophrenia using normative models—Towards subject‐level classification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doron Elad ◽  
Suheyla Cetin‐Karayumak ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Kang Ik K. Cho ◽  
Amanda E. Lyall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Mri ◽  
Normative Models

Entangled Memories: Complicating the Memory of Area Bombing Through the Haunted Ruins of Anhalter Bahnhof

2021 ◽  
pp. 153270862199758
Author(s):  
Eloise Florence
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Second World War ◽  
New Materialism ◽  
World War ◽  
Train Station ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Normative Models ◽  
German Cities ◽  
Second World

This article investigates the possibilities for experiential encounters with ruins in Berlin to complicate the dominant articulations of the cultural memory of Allied bombing attacks on German cities during the Second World War. Building on works that seek to disrupt normative models of cultural memory of the bombings, and entangling them with existing literature that uses new materialism to engage the sensorial nature of memory site-encounters, I examine my own fieldwork visits the ruins of Anhalter Bahnhof—a former train station—as an entanglement of both. Specifically, I investigate how encountering Anhalter through this entangled method allows the site to emerge as haunted. Encountering Anhalter as haunted might complicate the linear temporality that underpins enduring the narrative that the Allies’ actions during the war were completely ethical because they are largely framed as a response to— ergo following—the Holocaust.

scholarly journals Performance of normative and approximate evidence accumulation on the dynamic clicks task

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian E. Radillo ◽  
Alan Veliz-Cuba ◽  
Krešimir Josić ◽  
Zachary P. Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Model Fitting ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Parameter Recovery ◽  
Ideal Observers ◽  
Log Likelihood ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Normative Models ◽  
Task Parameters ◽  
Sensory Noise

The aim of a number of psychophysics tasks is to uncover how mammals make decisions in a world that is in flux. Here we examine the characteristics of ideal and near–ideal observers in a task of this type. We ask when and how performance depends on task parameters and design, and, in turn, what observer performance tells us about their decision-making process. In the dynamic clicks task subjects hear two streams (left and right) of Poisson clicks with different rates. Subjects are rewarded when they correctly identify the side with the higher rate, as this side switches unpredictably. We show that a reduced set of task parameters defines regions in parameter space in which optimal, but not near-optimal observers, maintain constant response accuracy. We also show that for a range of task parameters an approximate normative model must be finely tuned to reach near-optimal performance, illustrating a potential way to distinguish between normative models and their approximations. In addition, we show that using the negative log-likelihood and the 0/1-loss functions to fit these types of models is not equivalent: the 0/1-loss leads to a bias in parameter recovery that increases with sensory noise. These findings suggest ways to tease apart models that are hard to distinguish when tuned exactly, and point to general pitfalls in experimental design, model fitting, and interpretation of the resulting data.

scholarly journals Confidence boosts serial dependence in orientation estimation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Samaha ◽  
Missy Switzky ◽  
Bradley R. Postle
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Signal Quality ◽  
Serial Dependence ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Subjective Estimate ◽  
Subjective Confidence ◽  
Internal Signal ◽  
Normative Models ◽  
Subjective Estimates

AbstractIn the absence of external feedback, a decision maker must rely on a subjective estimate of their decision accuracy in order to appropriately guide behavior. Normative models of perceptual decision making relate subjective estimates of internal signal quality (e.g. confidence) directly to the internal signal quality itself, thereby making it unknowable whether the subjective estimate or the underlying signal is what drives behavior. We constructed stimuli that dissociated human observer’s performance on a visual estimation task from their subjective estimates of confidence in their performance, thus violating normative principles. To understand whether confidence influences future decision making, we examined serial dependence in observer’s responses, a phenomenon whereby the estimate of a stimulus on the current trial can be biased towards the stimulus from the previous trial. We found that when decisions were made with high confidence, they conferred stronger biases upon the following trial, suggesting that confidence may enhance serial dependence. Critically, this finding was true also when confidence was experimentally dissociated from task performance, indicating that subjective confidence, independent of signal quality, can amplify serial dependence. These findings demonstrate an effect of confidence on future behavior, independent of task performance, and suggest that perceptual decisions incorporate recent history in an uncertainty-weighted manner, but where the uncertainty carried forward is a subjectively estimated and possibly suboptimal readout of objective sensory uncertainty.

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