scholarly journals From Planning to Articulation in Speech Production: What Differentiates a Person Who Stutters From a Person Who Does Not Stutter?

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 546-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal H. H. M. van Lieshout ◽  
Wouter Hulstijn ◽  
Herman F. M. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
And Control

The main purpose of the present study was to differentiate between people who stutter and control speakers regarding their ability to assemble motor plans and to prepare (and execute) muscle commands. Adult males who stutter, matched for age, gender, and educational level with a group of control speakers, were tested on naming words and symbols. In addition, their ability to encode and retrieve memory representations of combinations of a symbol and a word, was tested in a recognition task, using manual reaction times and sensitivity scores, as defined in signal detection theory, as performance measures. Group differences in muscle command preparation were assessed from electromyographic recordings of upper lip and lower lip. Results indicated no interaction between group and word size effects in choice reaction times or a group effect in the ability to recognize previously learned symbol-word combinations. However, they were significantly different in the timing of peak amplitudes in the integrated electromyographic signals of upper lip and lower lip (IEMG peak latency). Findings question the claim that people who stutter have problems in creating abstract motor plans for speech. In addition, it is argued that the group differences in IEMG peak latency that were found in the present study might be better understood in terms of motor control strategies than in terms of motor control deficits.

scholarly journals Speech Production in People Who Stutter: Testing the Motor Plan Assembly Hypothesis

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal H.H.M. van Lieshout ◽  
Wouter Hulstijn ◽  
Herman F.M. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Relative Timing ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Verbal Responses ◽  
Word Size ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Pictures And Words

The main purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that persons who stutter, when compared to persons who do not stutter, are less able to assemble abstract motor plans for short verbal responses. Subjects were adult males who stutter and age- and sex-matched control speakers, who were tested on naming pictures and words, using a choice-reaction time paradigm for both tasks. Words varied in the number of syllables (1, 2, and 3 syllables) and, for the bisyllabic words, also in the number of consonants (one or more) at the onset of the second syllable. Measurements consisted of speech reaction times, word durations, and measures of relative timing of specific motor events in the respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory subsystems. Results indicated that, in spite of longer speech reaction times for persons who stutter in comparison to control speakers, there was no interaction with word size, a finding that does not lend support to the abovementioned hypothesis. Word durations were found to be longer for persons who stutter, and, in addition, there was an interaction of group with word size. Both findings were associated with longer delays for persons who stutter in the onset of upper lip integrated electromyographic (IEMG) activity and thoracic compression, and a group effect on the order of upper lip and lower lip IEMG onset. Findings are taken to suggest the possibility that persons who stutter may use different motor control strategies to compensate for a reduced verbal motor skill, and although the nature of this reduced skill is unknown, it is speculated that it relates to the processes involved in the integration of sensory-motor information.

Relation Between Finger Reaction Time and Voice Reaction Time in Stuttering and Nonstuttering Children and Adults

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas E. Cross ◽  
Harold L. Luper
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Inverse Function ◽  
The Voice

Nine stutterers and nine nonstutterers at each of three age levels (5 years, 9 years, and 18 years and above) responded to the onset of 21 1-kHz tones by depressing the index finger of their preferred hand on a response key. Finger reaction times (FRTs) were measured to the nearest millisecond and compared to the voice reaction times (VRTs) obtained from the same subjects. Increased speed and stability of the finger reaction times were observed as an inverse function of age for both groups. The stutterers, as a group, exhibited mean FRTs which were significantly longer and more variable than those of the nonstutterers at each of the three age levels. High correlations also were found between the finger and voice reaction scores for both the stutterers and the nonstutterers. Results support the inference that some stutterers may exhibit difficulty in the consistent execution of motor control strategies common to both speech and nonspeech movements.

scholarly journals Neural structure of a sensory decoder for motor control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth W. Egger ◽  
Stephen G. Lisberger
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTWe seek to understand the neural mechanisms that perform sensory decoding for motor behavior, advancing the field by designing decoders based on neural circuits. A simple experiment produced a surprising result that shapes our approach. Changing the size of a target for smooth pursuit eye movements changes the relationship between the variance and mean of the evoked behavior in a way that contradicts the regime of “signal-dependent noise” and defies traditional decoding approaches. A theoretical analysis leads us to conclude that sensory decoding circuits for pursuit include multiple parallel pathways and multiple sources of variation. Behavioral and neural responses with biomimetic statistics emerge from a biologically-motivated circuit model with noise in the pathway that is dedicated to flexibly adjusting the strength of visual-motor transmission. Flexible adjustment of transmission strength applies much more broadly to issues in sensory-motor control such as Bayesian integration and control strategies to optimize motor behavior.

Lip and Jaw Motor Control during Speech: Responses to Resistive Loading of the Jaw

1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Folkins ◽  
James H. Abbs
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Motor Reorganization ◽  
Resistive Loading ◽  
Medial Pterygoid ◽  
On Line ◽  
Resistive Loads

Resistive loads were applied to the jaw during speech production. Loads were initiated during the jaw closing movement associated with the production of bilabial stops, creating a situation in which bilabial closure would be disrupted if motor control were independent of peripheral feedback. Three subjects were observed during control and experimental conditions. In all utterances in which a load was appropriately introduced, closure of the lips was achieved and the bilabial stop was adequately produced. To assess the nature of this control, displacement of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw, in the inferior-superior dimension, were recorded along with EMG from medial pterygoid, anterior temporalis, masseter, and orbicularis oris superior muscles. Based on observation of these variables, it appears that the muscles of the lips and jaw are capable of on-line compensatory motor reorganization.

Articulatory Movements in Adolescents

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1119-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Walsh ◽  
Anne Smith
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Trajectory Formation ◽  
Speech Motor

In order to contribute to a more comprehensive model of speech motor development, we examined the movement trajectories of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw to determine (a) if there are changes in articulatory motor control in late adolescence; b) if there are sex differences during this developmental period, perhaps related to differences in craniofacial growth rates; (c) if control of jaw motion is adultlike earlier than control of the upper and lower lip; and (d) if control of spatial and temporal aspects of articulatory movement co-develop in adolescence. Participants were 12-, 14-, and 16-year-olds, and young adults (mean age 21.2 years), with 15 males and 15 females per group. A measure reflecting spatiotemporal consistency in trajectory formation for repeated productions of a phrase was calculated for the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw movements. Overall trajectory variability was higher for adolescents compared to young adults. Jaw trajectories were less variable than upper lip or lower lip trajectories, but all effectors showed parallel decreases in variability as age increased, suggesting that control of jaw movement does not reach adult performance before control of the lips. Separate temporal and spatial measures revealed that adolescents had significantly longer movement durations, lower velocities, smaller displacements, and greater variability on these measures than young adults. There were no sex differences on any measure examined, suggesting that peripheral growth factors do not account for this protracted developmental time course. These results provide initial evidence of significant changes in speech motor control processes during adolescence.

Oral Structure Nonspeech Motor Control in Normal, Dysarthric, Aphasic and Apraxic Speakers

1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm R. McNeil ◽  
Gary Weismer ◽  
Scott Adams ◽  
Moira Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
Ataxic Dysarthria ◽  
Conduction Aphasia

This study investigated the isometric force and static position control of the upper lip, lower lip, tongue, jaw, and finger in four subject groups (normal control, apraxia of speech, conduction aphasia, and ataxic dysarthria) at two force and displacement levels. Results from both the force and position tasks suggested that the apraxic and dysarthric groups tended to produce significantly greater instability than the normal group, although the pattern of instability across articulators was not systematic within or across the force and position experiments for subjects within or between groups. The conduction aphasic group produced force and position stability that typically was not significantly different from any of the remaining three groups, suggesting that their force and position stability as indexed in the present study fell somewhere between that of the normal group and the apraxic and dysarthric groups. It is suggested that other analyses of force and position control, such as descriptive accounts of the trial-by-trial time histories, might shed additional light on the speech and orofacial sensorimotor control deficits in persons with apraxia, dysarthria, and conduction aphasia.

scholarly journals Clinical, epidemiological aspects, and trends of Hepatitis B in Brazil from 2007 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathianne Sacramento Pinto ◽  
Galileu Barbosa Costa ◽  
Ivan Bezerra Allaman ◽  
Sandra Rocha Gadelha
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Epidemiological Profile ◽  
And Control

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a concern for public health due to its high prevalence, high infectivity, morbidity, and mortality worldwide. Brazil presents a low HBV prevalence, but has considerable heterogeneity among its geographic regions. Here, we describe the epidemiological profile of HBV infection in different regions of Brazil during 2007–2018, as well as the historical trends associated with the infection. We conducted an observational, ecological time-series study using secondary data collected from the National Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). Our findings suggest that HBV infection was more likely to occur in young, sexually active adults. Individuals from Northeast and Midwest regions were more likely to present acute HBV infection, while individuals from South region were more likely to present chronic HBV infection, reinforcing that specific strategies are required for each particular region. Additionally, we observed a general decreasing trend of infection starting in 2014, however there was an increasing trend of infection in men and in individuals over 40 years old. Although we observed a decreasing trend in HBV infection, active surveillance is needed to prevent HBV spread and possible epidemics, as well as encouraging the vaccination of adults, especially young adult males. Our findings can inform the conduct of large-scale observational studies to evaluate clinical, economical, and social impacts of HBV infections, leading to improved social policies. Finally, our results highlight the need to improve data quality and completeness of epidemiological data, minimizing eventual errors that can make prevention and control strategies difficult.

The Effects of Varying Lower-Lip Displacement on Upper-Lip Movements

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Folkins ◽  
Raymond N. Linville
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Bite Block ◽  
Maximum Displacement ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Mass Spring ◽  
Speech Motor ◽  
Normal Speaking

Upper-lip and lower-lip movements were transduced in the inferior-superior dimension in five normal-speaking subjects during four tasks. In task 1 visual feedback was used to manipulate the maximum displacement of the lower lip during speech. The upper lip elevated significantly less for the opening gesture when the amount of opening from the lower lip was increased. The upper lip moved to significantly lower positions for bilabial closure when the distance to be moved by the lower lip was increased. In task 2 the same procedures were followed with a bite block between the teeth. The bite block did not significantly change the interactions between lips for the opening gesture. The interactions were larger for bilabial closure with the bite block. In task 3 different vowels instead of visual feedback were used to manipulate lower-lip displacement. The relations between lips were similar to those found in task 1. In task 4 it was shown that these relations between lips are not found in nonspeech lower-lip movements. The interactions between lips are discussed in relation to models of speech motor control, including spatial targets, mass-spring systems, and planned trajectories.

Effective infection prevention and control strategies in a large accredited psychiatric facility in Singapore

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Poremski ◽  
Sandra Henrietta Subner ◽  
Grace Lam Fong Kin ◽  
Raveen Dev Ram Dev ◽  
Mok Yee Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Psychiatric Facility ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
And Control

The Institute of Mental Health in Singapore continues to attempt to prevent the introduction of COVID-19, despite community transmission. Essential services are maintained and quarantine measures are currently unnecessary. To help similar organizations, strategies are listed along three themes: sustaining essential services, preventing infection, and managing human and consumable resources.

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