Oral Structure Nonspeech Motor Control in Normal, Dysarthric, Aphasic and Apraxic Speakers

1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm R. McNeil ◽  
Gary Weismer ◽  
Scott Adams ◽  
Moira Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
Ataxic Dysarthria ◽  
Conduction Aphasia

This study investigated the isometric force and static position control of the upper lip, lower lip, tongue, jaw, and finger in four subject groups (normal control, apraxia of speech, conduction aphasia, and ataxic dysarthria) at two force and displacement levels. Results from both the force and position tasks suggested that the apraxic and dysarthric groups tended to produce significantly greater instability than the normal group, although the pattern of instability across articulators was not systematic within or across the force and position experiments for subjects within or between groups. The conduction aphasic group produced force and position stability that typically was not significantly different from any of the remaining three groups, suggesting that their force and position stability as indexed in the present study fell somewhere between that of the normal group and the apraxic and dysarthric groups. It is suggested that other analyses of force and position control, such as descriptive accounts of the trial-by-trial time histories, might shed additional light on the speech and orofacial sensorimotor control deficits in persons with apraxia, dysarthria, and conduction aphasia.

scholarly journals From Planning to Articulation in Speech Production: What Differentiates a Person Who Stutters From a Person Who Does Not Stutter?

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 546-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal H. H. M. van Lieshout ◽  
Wouter Hulstijn ◽  
Herman F. M. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
And Control

The main purpose of the present study was to differentiate between people who stutter and control speakers regarding their ability to assemble motor plans and to prepare (and execute) muscle commands. Adult males who stutter, matched for age, gender, and educational level with a group of control speakers, were tested on naming words and symbols. In addition, their ability to encode and retrieve memory representations of combinations of a symbol and a word, was tested in a recognition task, using manual reaction times and sensitivity scores, as defined in signal detection theory, as performance measures. Group differences in muscle command preparation were assessed from electromyographic recordings of upper lip and lower lip. Results indicated no interaction between group and word size effects in choice reaction times or a group effect in the ability to recognize previously learned symbol-word combinations. However, they were significantly different in the timing of peak amplitudes in the integrated electromyographic signals of upper lip and lower lip (IEMG peak latency). Findings question the claim that people who stutter have problems in creating abstract motor plans for speech. In addition, it is argued that the group differences in IEMG peak latency that were found in the present study might be better understood in terms of motor control strategies than in terms of motor control deficits.

Lip and Jaw Motor Control during Speech: Responses to Resistive Loading of the Jaw

1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Folkins ◽  
James H. Abbs
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Motor Reorganization ◽  
Resistive Loading ◽  
Medial Pterygoid ◽  
On Line ◽  
Resistive Loads

Resistive loads were applied to the jaw during speech production. Loads were initiated during the jaw closing movement associated with the production of bilabial stops, creating a situation in which bilabial closure would be disrupted if motor control were independent of peripheral feedback. Three subjects were observed during control and experimental conditions. In all utterances in which a load was appropriately introduced, closure of the lips was achieved and the bilabial stop was adequately produced. To assess the nature of this control, displacement of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw, in the inferior-superior dimension, were recorded along with EMG from medial pterygoid, anterior temporalis, masseter, and orbicularis oris superior muscles. Based on observation of these variables, it appears that the muscles of the lips and jaw are capable of on-line compensatory motor reorganization.

Articulatory Movements in Adolescents

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1119-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Walsh ◽  
Anne Smith
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Trajectory Formation ◽  
Speech Motor

In order to contribute to a more comprehensive model of speech motor development, we examined the movement trajectories of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw to determine (a) if there are changes in articulatory motor control in late adolescence; b) if there are sex differences during this developmental period, perhaps related to differences in craniofacial growth rates; (c) if control of jaw motion is adultlike earlier than control of the upper and lower lip; and (d) if control of spatial and temporal aspects of articulatory movement co-develop in adolescence. Participants were 12-, 14-, and 16-year-olds, and young adults (mean age 21.2 years), with 15 males and 15 females per group. A measure reflecting spatiotemporal consistency in trajectory formation for repeated productions of a phrase was calculated for the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw movements. Overall trajectory variability was higher for adolescents compared to young adults. Jaw trajectories were less variable than upper lip or lower lip trajectories, but all effectors showed parallel decreases in variability as age increased, suggesting that control of jaw movement does not reach adult performance before control of the lips. Separate temporal and spatial measures revealed that adolescents had significantly longer movement durations, lower velocities, smaller displacements, and greater variability on these measures than young adults. There were no sex differences on any measure examined, suggesting that peripheral growth factors do not account for this protracted developmental time course. These results provide initial evidence of significant changes in speech motor control processes during adolescence.

The Effects of Varying Lower-Lip Displacement on Upper-Lip Movements

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Folkins ◽  
Raymond N. Linville
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Bite Block ◽  
Maximum Displacement ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Mass Spring ◽  
Speech Motor ◽  
Normal Speaking

Upper-lip and lower-lip movements were transduced in the inferior-superior dimension in five normal-speaking subjects during four tasks. In task 1 visual feedback was used to manipulate the maximum displacement of the lower lip during speech. The upper lip elevated significantly less for the opening gesture when the amount of opening from the lower lip was increased. The upper lip moved to significantly lower positions for bilabial closure when the distance to be moved by the lower lip was increased. In task 2 the same procedures were followed with a bite block between the teeth. The bite block did not significantly change the interactions between lips for the opening gesture. The interactions were larger for bilabial closure with the bite block. In task 3 different vowels instead of visual feedback were used to manipulate lower-lip displacement. The relations between lips were similar to those found in task 1. In task 4 it was shown that these relations between lips are not found in nonspeech lower-lip movements. The interactions between lips are discussed in relation to models of speech motor control, including spatial targets, mass-spring systems, and planned trajectories.

scholarly journals Conservative treatment of a Class I malocclusion with 12 mm overjet, overbite and severe mandibular crowding

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Marcos Alan Vieira Bittencourt ◽  
Arthur Costa Rodrigues Farias ◽  
Marcelo de Castellucci e Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Class I ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Conservative Approach ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Facial Aesthetics ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Angle Class ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Lower Arch ◽  
Lower Incisors

INTRODUCTION: A female patient aged 12 years and 2 months had molars and canines in Class II relationship, severe overjet (12 mm), deep overbite (100%), excessive retroclination and extrusion of the lower incisors, upper incisor proclination, with mild midline diastema. Both dental arches appeared constricted and a lower arch discrepancy of less than -6.5 mm. Facially, she had a significant upper incisors display at rest, interposition and eversion of the lower lip, acute nasolabial angle and convex profile. OBJECTIVE: To report a clinical case consisting of Angle Class I malocclusion with deep overbite and overjet in addition to severe crowding treated with a conservative approach. METHODS: Treatment consisted of slight retraction of the upper incisors and intrusion and protrusion of the lower incisors until all crowding was eliminated. RESULTS: Adequate overbite and overjet were achieved while maintaining the Angle Class I canine and molar relationships and coincident midlines. The facial features were improved, with the emergence of a slightly convex profile and lip competence, achieved through a slight retraction of the upper lip and protrusion of the lower lip, while improving the nasolabial and mentolabial sulcus. CONCLUSIONS: This conservative approach with no extractions proved effective and resulted in a significant improvement of the occlusal relationship as well as in the patient's dental and facial aesthetics.

Movements of the Upper and Lower Lips during Speech

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Folkins ◽  
Jeanne L. Canty
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Organizational Systems ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Bite Block ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Block Sizes ◽  
Open Position ◽  
Normal Speaking ◽  
Speech Articulators

Inferior-superior displacements of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw were transduced with a strain-gauge system in 4 normal-speaking adults. Movements of the upper and lower lips were compared across conditions in which the jaw was free to move and when bite blocks were used to fix the jaw at four different vertical positions. As jaw-open position was increased with the bite blocks, it was found that: (a) Positions of both lips changed for bilabial closure, but the closing movements did not usually maintain consistent proportions between lips across different bite-block sizes; (b) although the lips maintained fairly consistent maximum interlabial opening across many conditions, this opening was reduced in the small bite-block conditions; and (c) in a few cases there was an increase in the duration of lip-closing movements, but these were small and inconsistent. The findings are discussed relative to possible organizational systems that would produce the observed interactions among speech articulators.

Lip and Jaw Kinematics in Bilabial Stop Consonant Production

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 877-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Löfqvist ◽  
Vincent L. Gracco
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Stop Consonant ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Vowel Context ◽  
Virtual Target ◽  
Contextual Variability ◽  
Consonant Voicing

This paper reports two experiments, each designed to clarify different aspects of bilabial stop consonant production. The first one examined events during the labial closure using kinematic recordings in combination with records of oral air pressure and force of labial contact. The results of this experiment suggested that the lips were moving at a high velocity when the oral closure occurred. They also indicated mechanical interactions between the lips during the closure, including tissue compression and the lower lip moving the upper lip upward. The second experiment studied patterns of upper and lower lip interactions, movement variability within and across speakers, and the effects on lip and jaw kinematics of stop consonant voicing and vowel context. Again, the results showed that the lips were moving at a high velocity at the onset of the oral closure. No consistent influences of stop consonant voicing were observed on lip and jaw kinematics in five subjects, nor on a derived measure of lip aperture. The overall results are compatible with the hypothesis that one target for the lips in bilabial stop production is a region of negative lip aperture. A negative lip aperture implies that to reach their virtual target, the lips would have to move beyond each other. Such a control strategy would ensure that the lips will form an air tight seal irrespective of any contextual variability in the onset positions of their closing movements.

Articulatory peculiarities of the Baraba-Tatar phoneme о /ʊ̇/ (on MRI data)

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-208
Author(s):  
T. R. Ryzhikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Soft Palate ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Acoustic Effect ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Vocal System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

The paper aims to describe the articulatory traits of the Baraba-Tatar phoneme o /ʊ̇/ by the somatic methods. The method used is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Eighteen Barabian tomograms comprising o-type articulation have been described and analyzed according to the technique adopted in the V. M. Nadelyayev’s Laboratory of Experimental-Phonetic Researches (Institute of Philology SB RAS). The text provides only general observations and conclusions, with a full description of all tomograms given in three tables. The experimentalphonetic analysis of the Baraba-Tatar tomograms of the vowel o allowed the author to draw several conclusions. There is a variability of the o-type tunings in Barabian, the most typical being the central-back narrow labialized ejective realization. Though it is very narrow and is phonetically transcribed as /ʊ̇/, it is acoustically perceived as o. While producing the sound o, the oral and pharyngeal cavities become very small, producing the effect of tension. Additional narrowing occurs between the soft palate and the tongue back as well as between the upper teeth and the lower lip, thus preventing the airflow from free release. The lip position is also unusual: instead of protruding forward, the upper lip moves back, tightly covering the upper teeth to produce an interesting acoustic effect. To sum up, further investigation of all vocal system units of Baraba-Tatar is needed to draw ultimate conclusions about the typological belonging of the language under consideration.

Non-syndromic double upper lip with triple frena: cosmetic cheiloplasty

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. e243156
Author(s):  
Monika Gupta ◽  
Harshita Vig ◽  
Yajas Kumar ◽  
Aliza Rizvi
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Surgical Management ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Facial Anomaly ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Functional Problems

Double lip or macrocheilitis is a rare facial anomaly, mostly congenital in origin. It commonly involves the upper lip than the lower lip. It may occur in isolation or as part of the Ascher’s syndrome. It results due to deposition of excessive areolar tissue and non-inflammatory hyperplasia of labial mucosa gland of pars villosa. It may be acquired as a result of injury to the lips or lip-biting habit. The double lip becomes conspicuous when the lips are retracted during smiling resulting in the characteristic ‘cupid’s bow’ appearance. This disfigurement can pose aesthetic and functional problems and may result in psychological distress. A surgical intervention is must for restoration of functions and to address the aesthetic concerns. The present article reports a case of non-syndromic double upper lip with triple labial frena and its surgical management with laser on one side and with scalpel on the other side.

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