Investigation of Tinnitus Induced by Sound and Its Relationship to Ongoing Tinnitus

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. George ◽  
Simon Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Center Frequency ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Auditory Process ◽  
Sound Sensation

Tinnitus was temporarily induced by monaurally presented sound, and its level monitored using a dichotic loudness-matching task. The first experiment found no effect of varying the level, bandwidth, or center frequency of an inducing noise on the level or duration of the induced tinnitus; nor was there any difference when tones or different noises were used to induce tinnitus. The rated loudness of the tinnitus, however, increased with the level and decreased with the center frequency of the noise. The second experiment investigated tinnitus induced by a 1-kHz, 95-dB SPL tone in 53 subjects with thresholds in the normal range, but with varying degrees of ongoing tinnitus that ranged from no discernible sound sensation at all, through an apparently normal but usually inaudible noise or ringing, to constant or near-constant tinnitus. Individual differences in induced tinnitus were found that were related to differences in ongoing tinnitus; for example, the levels of induced and ongoing tinnitus were positively correlated. The results suggest that some kinds of ongoing tinnitus may arise from the auditory process responsible for induced tinnitus.

scholarly journals Individual differences in representational similarity of first and second languages in the bilingual brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily S. Nichols ◽  
Yue Gao ◽  
Sofia Fregni ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Marc F. Joanisse
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Second Languages ◽  
Proficiency Level

AbstractCurrent theories of bilingualism disagree on the extent to which separate brain regions are used to maintain or process one’s first and second language. The present study took a novel multivariate approach to address this question. We examined whether bilinguals maintain distinct neural representations of two languages; specifically, we tested whether brain areas that are involved in processing word meaning in either language are reliably representing each language differently, and whether language representation is influenced by individual differences in proficiency level and age of acquisition of L2. Thirty-one English-Mandarin bilingual adults performed a picture-word matching task in both languages. We then used representational similarity analysis to examine which brain regions reliably showed different patterns of activity for each language. As a group, there were no regions that reliably represented languages distinctly. However, both proficiency and age of acquisition predicted dissimilarity between language representations in several brain areas within the language network as well as several regions of the ventral visual pathway, demonstrating that top-down language knowledge and individual language experience shapes concept representation in the processing stream. The results support the model of an integrated language system in bilinguals, along with a novel description of how representations for each language change with proficiency level and L2 age of acquisition.

Examining Relational Aggression in an Individual Differences Context

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Tackett ◽  
Avantè J. Smack ◽  
Kathleen W. Reardon
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Relationally Aggressive ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Individual differences, such as normal-range personality, personality pathology, and genetics (specifically behavioral genetics), are variables or constructs that can be used to distinguish people. Individual differences have also been used to understand differences in antisocial behavior, including relational aggression, and can help inform the scientific conceptualization of this behavior. This chapter summarizes evidence for individual differences in relational aggression in three dimensions: normal-range personality, personality pathology, and behavioral genetics. Relationally aggressive behaviors are associated with normal-range personality traits, including high negative affect and low interpersonal and intrapersonal self-regulation. Relational aggression also overlaps with personality pathology. With regard to genetics, relational aggression can be explained by genetic factors and also shows substantial influences from environmental factors. Taken together, relational aggression is probably influenced by a number of internal and external factors, and individual differences research highlights potential heterogeneity in the construct.

Personality and personality disorders: introduction to the special issue

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Ostendorf ◽  
Rainer Riemann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Personality Theories ◽  
Made In

The study of extreme variants of phenomena has always been a challenge for science. While the science of personality has roots in several traditions, historically numerous personality theories and constructs for the assessment and explanation of individual differences have strongly been influenced by the progress made in conceptualizing extreme states of psychological functioning. Yet, division of labour resulted in psychiatry and clinical psychology focusing on deviant or maladaptive and personality psychology specializing on the normal range of individual differences. This special issue of the European Journal of Personality is driven by the idea that linking the study of personality and psychopathology offers insights that neither discipline can achieve on its own. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Predicting Individual Differences in Reading and Spelling Skill With Artificial Script–Based Letter–Speech Sound Training

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 552-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián Aravena ◽  
Jurgen Tijms ◽  
Patrick Snellings ◽  
Maurits W. van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Rapid Automatized Naming ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Sound Learning ◽  
Reading And Spelling

In this study, we examined the learning of letter–speech sound correspondences within an artificial script and performed an experimental analysis of letter–speech sound learning among dyslexic and normal readers vis-à-vis phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, reading, and spelling. Participants were provided with 20 min of training aimed at learning eight new basic letter–speech sound correspondences, followed by a short assessment of mastery of the correspondences and word-reading ability in this unfamiliar script. Our results demonstrated that brief training is moderately successful in differentiating dyslexic readers from normal readers in their ability to learn letter–speech sound correspondences. The normal readers outperformed the dyslexic readers for accuracy and speed on a letter–speech sound matching task, as well as on a word-reading task containing familiar words written in the artificial orthography. Importantly, the new artificial script-related measures were related to phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming and made a unique contribution in predicting individual differences in reading and spelling ability. Our results are consistent with the view that a fundamental letter–speech sound learning deficit is a key factor in dyslexia.

scholarly journals Richer color vocabulary is associated with better color memory but not color perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (49) ◽  
pp. 31046-31052
Author(s):  
Maryam Hasantash ◽  
Arash Afraz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Color Perception ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Potential Interaction ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Color Matching ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Color Recognition ◽  
Color Wheel ◽  
Color Name

The potential interaction between color naming and psychophysical color recognition has been historically debated. To study this interaction, here we utilized two approaches based on individual differences in color naming and variation of color name density along the color wheel. We tested a pool of Persian speaking subjects with a simple color matching task under two conditions: perceptual and memory-based matching. We also asked subjects to freely name 100 evenly sampled hues along the color wheel. We found that, individuals who possess more names to describe the color wheel have a strong edge in color memorization over those with fewer names. Nevertheless, having more or fewer color names was not related to the subjects’ performance in perceptual color matching. We also calculated the density of color names along the color wheel and observed that parts of the color wheel with higher density of color names are held in memory more accurately. However, similar to the case of individual differences, the density of color names along the wheel did not show any correlation with perceptual color matching performance. Our results demonstrate a strong link between color naming and color memorization both across different individuals and different parts of the color wheel. These results also show that low-level perceptual color matching is not related to color naming, suggesting that the variation in color naming—among the individuals and across the color wheel—is neither the cause nor the effect of variation in low-level color perception.

scholarly journals Face processing in police service: the relationship between laboratory-based assessment of face processing abilities and performance in a real-world identity matching task

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus M. Thielgen ◽  
Stefan Schade ◽  
Carolin Bosé
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Real World ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Service Experience ◽  
Processing Abilities

AbstractIn the present study, we investigated whether police officers’ performance in searching for unfamiliar faces in a video-based real-world task is predicted by laboratory-based face processing tests that are typically used to assess individual differences in face processing abilities. Specifically, perceptual performance in the field was operationalized via the identification of target individuals in self-made close-circuit television (CCTV) video tapes. Police officers’ abilities in the laboratory were measured by the Cambridge Face Memory Test long form (CFMT+). We hypothesized that the CFMT+ predicts individual differences in the CCTV task performance. A total of N = 186 police officers of the Rhineland-Palatinate State Police participated in the study (i.e., N = 139 novice and advanced cadets with either 3 months, 15 months or 24 months of pre-service experience; N = 47 experienced police officers with three years of pre-service experience and at least two years of full-service experience, who participated in the assessment center of the special police forces, specifically the surveillance and technical unit). Results revealed that the CFMT+ explained variance in the CCTV task. In sample 1, CFMT+ scores predicted hits, but not false alarms. In contrast, in sample 2, CFMT+ scores were correlated with both hits and false alarms. From a theoretical perspective, we discuss factors that might explain CCTV task performance. From a practical perspective, we recommend that personnel selection processes investigating individual differences of police officers’ face processing abilities should comprise of two steps. At first, laboratory-based tests of face processing abilities should be applied. Subsequently, to validate laboratory-based individual differences in face processing abilities, we recommend that work samples such as CCTV tasks from the field should be added.

Analysis of genetic influences on the consistency and variability of the Big Five across different stressful situations

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 355-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerty Lensvelt‐Mulders ◽  
Joop Hettema
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Identical Twin ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Total P

Several studies have demonstrated that individual differences in personality traits, known as the Big Five, have a genetic component. These personality traits are considered important predictors of everyday behaviour. In addition to personality traits there are also factors in the environment that govern behaviour. This dual influence on behaviour is statistically reflected in a P × S interaction. This study examines the genetic and environmental influences on the interactions between a person and his daily life environment for the Big Five. Fifty‐seven identical twin pairs and 43 fraternal twin pairs participated in this study. Trait related behaviour was measured in 30 different situations with the aid of an SR inventory. The heritability coefficients for the main effect of P were in the normal range, varying between 0.35 for Agreeableness and 0.53 for Conscientiousness. The heritability coefficients for the P × S interactions were moderately high, explaining between 26% and 69% of the total P × S variance. The consequences of these results for general and behavioural genetic research on the Big Five will be discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.

Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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