Evoked Responses to Auditory Stimuli in Man Using a Summing Computer

1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geary A. McCandless ◽  
LaVar Best
Keyword(s):  
Computer System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Analog Computer ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Stimulus Parameter ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Stimulus Repetition Rate

A special purpose analog computer system was used to measure evoked auditory responses in children and adults. The responses were studied as a function of stimulus intensity, electrode placement, monaural-binaural stimulus presentation, and stimulus repetition rate. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the use of a summing computer system as a device to assess hearing in children and adults. Consistent evoked responses were obtained near threshold levels. Evoked response patterns vary in different age groups, and the pattern is modified by changes in stimulus parameter and electrode placement. Results suggest that a summing computer may hold real promise as a tool for providing information concerning auditory function.

Summed Evoked Responses Using Pure-Tone Stimuli

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geary A. McCandless ◽  
Lavar Best
Keyword(s):  
Pure Tone ◽  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Evoked Response ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Auditory Evoked Responses ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Major Consideration

Selected pure tones were used as stimuli in a study of evoked auditory responses in 25 adults. The effects of stimulus frequency, intensity, and duration on the evoked response were evaluated. Pure-tone stimuli appear to be as satisfactory as click stimuli in eliciting auditory evoked responses and have the additional advantage of providing more information relative to auditory function. Evoked response patterns were essentially the same for 500 Hz (cps), 2,000 Hz, and 4,000 Hz. Latencies were longer for the components of pure-tone-evoked responses than for click-evoked responses. Evoked responses may be influenced by (1) changes in stimulus parameters and (2) changes in subject’s psychophysical state. These variables become a major consideration in the recognition of the evoked response at intensity levels near threshold.

Odour Memory and Odour Hedonics in Children

Perception ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loredana Hvastja ◽  
Lucia Zanuttini
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Test ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Olfactory Memory ◽  
Rapid Decay ◽  
Memory Decay ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli

The characteristics of olfactory memory during development were investigated and the hypothesis that the pleasantness of smells may be affected by previous associations with pleasant or unpleasant objects or events was tested. This type of emotional memory was compared in the immediate and long-term recognition of olfactory stimuli. Children from three different age groups (mean ages: 6 years 6 months; 8 years 9 months; and 10 years 5 months) were subdivided into two groups. One group was presented with six different odours, each with a slide depicting a pleasant picture. The other group was presented with the odours accompanied by unpleasant pictures. Immediately after stimulus presentation the subjects underwent a recognition test. One month later the subjects underwent a second recognition test, at the end of which they were required to give an evaluation of the pleasantness of each odour on a nine-point scale. At no age level did the pictures matched to the odours affect the recognition score. Olfactory memory varied with age, chiefly because memory decay increased with age, perhaps because of greater proactive interference. With increasing age more rapid decay was set against better immediate recognition. The hypothesis that the hedonic characteristics of odours are partially learned and are affected by events experienced in other modalities was supported.

Auditory Responses

2017 ◽  
pp. 200-213
Author(s):  
Riitta Hari ◽  
Aina Puce
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Auditory Evoked Responses ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Auditory Cortices

This chapter briefly describes the various types of evoked and event-related responses that can be recorded in response to auditory stimulation, such as clicks and tones, and speech. Transient auditory-evoked responses are generally grouped into three major categories according to their latencies: (a) brainstem auditory evoked potentials occur within the first 10 ms, typically with 5–7 deflections, (b) middle-latency auditory-evoked potentials occur within 12 to 50 ms, and (c) long-latency auditory-evoked potentials range from about 50 to 250 ms with generators in the supratemporal auditory cortex. Steady-state auditory responses can be elicited by periodic stimuli, They can be used in frequency-tagging experiments, for example in following inputs from the left and right ear to the auditory cortices of both hemispheres.

Effects of Mode of Presentation of Stimulus Materials in Word-Association Tasks

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-215
Author(s):  
Richard J. Reynolds ◽  
A. C. Bickley ◽  
Sharon Champion ◽  
Ocie Dekle
Keyword(s):  
Word Association ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Stimulus Modality ◽  
Paradigmatic Shift ◽  
Visual Mode ◽  
Mode Of Presentation ◽  
Stimulus Materials

Differences in paradigmatic response to oral and visual presentation of word-association tasks were compared at 4 age levels ( n = 40). The syntagmatic/paradigmatic shift was investigated as a function of mode of stimulus presentation. Younger Ss produced more paradigmatic responses than older Ss. The oral mode produced more paradigmatic responses than the visual mode for all Ss. The syntagmatic/paradigmatic shift did not occur, nor was the variation across age groups consistent for the two modalities. Evidence indicated that response to. word-association tasks was a function of stimulus modality.

The Accuracy of One Method for Mechanism Simulation by Electronic Analog Computer

1965 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Computer System ◽  
Analog Computer ◽  
Four Bar Linkage

A method for the simulation of mechanisms on the electronic analog computer has been developed. In this paper a detailed discussion of the accuracy of the simulation is presented. Particular attention is given to the accuracy of the simulation of the simple kinematic link. Consideration is also made of the accuracy of the simulation when utilized in the study of complete mechanisms, for example, the accuracy to be expected of coupler curves for the four-bar linkage as generated by the simulation. Sample curves are given and their accuracy discussed. General relationships for achievement of an optimal computer system are presented.

The Role of Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Treatment of Depressive Illness in Old Age

1989 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Benbow
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Physical Problems ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Old Age Psychiatry ◽  
Temporary Memory

Electroconvulsive therapy is an important treatment in the depressive states of late life, and there is general agreement about the indications for its use in old age psychiatry. Indeed, old age may be associated with a better response to ECT than that in younger age groups. The additional risk involved through physical problems in the elderly is not great when compared with that of continuing depression and of the side-effects of alternative treatments. Temporary memory disorders and confusion may occur, but are minimised if unilateral electrode placement is used. Some patients treated with unilateral ECT do not respond, but will respond to bilateral treatment. Anxiety over unwanted treatment effects, which can lead to ineffective treatment of depressive illness, must be outweighed by knowledge of the dangers of leaving depression untreated in old age.

scholarly journals Visual Modulation of Auditory Responses in the Owl Inferior Colliculus

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 2924-2933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Bergan ◽  
Eric I. Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Auditory Space ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Auditory Space Map ◽  
Visual Modulation ◽  
Auditory Plasticity

The barn owl's central auditory system creates a map of auditory space in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICX). Although the crucial role visual experience plays in the formation and maintenance of this auditory space map is well established, the mechanism by which vision influences ICX responses remains unclear. Surprisingly, previous experiments have found that in the absence of extensive pharmacological manipulation, visual stimuli do not drive neural responses in the ICX. Here we investigated the influence of dynamic visual stimuli on auditory responses in the ICX. We show that a salient visual stimulus, when coincident with an auditory stimulus, can modulate auditory responses in the ICX even though the same visual stimulus may elicit no neural responses when presented alone. For each ICX neuron, the most effective auditory and visual stimuli were located in the same region of space. In addition, the magnitude of the visual modulation of auditory responses was dependent on the context of the stimulus presentation with novel visual stimuli eliciting consistently larger response modulations than frequently presented visual stimuli. Thus the visual modulation of ICX responses is dependent on the characteristics of the visual stimulus as well as on the spatial and temporal correspondence of the auditory and visual stimuli. These results demonstrate moment-to-moment visual enhancements of auditory responsiveness that, in the short-term, increase auditory responses to salient bimodal stimuli and in the long-term could serve to instruct the adaptive auditory plasticity necessary to maintain accurate auditory orienting behavior.

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