Observations on Relations Between Thresholds for Pure Tones and for Speech

1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Carhart
Keyword(s):  
General Formula ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Testing Equipment ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Minimal Importance ◽  
The Relationship

The prediction of SRT for spondees from pure-tone thresholds is considered in two ways. First, review of statistical studies on the relationship between sensitivity for pure tones and SRT for spondees shows their results to be inconclusive and confusing for the clinician except to demonstrate that frequencies outside the 500–2000 Hz range are of minimal importance in estimating SRT. Second, regression equations derived from two new, audiometrically heterogeneous groups reveal that 500 and 1000 Hz carry primary and nearly equal importance as predictors of SRT when audiometric contour is not taken into account. The clinician must bear in mind that any prediction he makes must incorporate a correction constant, which will vary with the calibration of his audiometers and other variables. A reasonable general formula for predicting clinical SRTs for spondees from pure-tone thresholds when audiometric contour is not taken into account and when the testing equipment is calibrated to the new ANSI threshold reference levels is:

Suggested Threshold Sound Pressure Levels For Frequency Modulated (Warble) Tones in the Sound Field

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Morgan ◽  
Donald D. Dirks ◽  
Deborah R. Bower
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Sound Field ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Narrow Bands ◽  
Reference Threshold

The problems inherent in using frequency-specific stimuli in the sound field to determine threshold sensitivity are reviewed, including a discussion of some of the specific problems encountered when introducing pure tones, narrow bands of noise, and frequency-modulated (FM) tones. The results of two experiments are reported. In Experiment I, the relationship between pure tones and frequency-modulated tones is developed under earphones in an anechoic chamber, and in two sound-isolated auditory test rooms (not anechoic). Experiment I resulted in the development of a reference threshold sound pressure level for frequency-modulated signals in the sound field. In Experiment II the reference level was applied to a clinical test facility and evaluated with a group of hearing-impaired individuals. The results suggest that the sound-field reference levels accurately reflect monaural threshold under earphones, when the earphone is calibrated to the ANSI, 1969 standard, and the sound field is calibrated to the suggested standard.

THE MODEL FOR MANAGING INVESTMENTS IN THE MOSCOW ENVIRONMENT BASED ON A POWER REGRESSION EQUATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
E. V. KOSTYRIN ◽  
◽  
M. S. SINODSKAYA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Pair Correlation ◽  
Approximation Error ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Average Approximation ◽  
Average Approximation Error

The article analyzes the impact of certain factors on the volume of investments in the environment. Regression equations describing the relationship between the volume of investment in the environment and each of the influencing factors are constructed, the coefficients of the Pearson pair correlation between the dependent variable and the influencing factors, as well as pairwise between the influencing factors, are calculated. The average approximation error for each regression equation is determined. A correlation matrix is constructed and a conclusion is made. The developed econometric model is implemented in the program of separate collection of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Moscow. The efficiency of the model of investment management in the environment is evaluated on the example of the growth of planned investments in the activities of companies specializing in the export and processing of solid waste.

scholarly journals Sodium Metasilicate Cemented Analogue Material and Its Mechanical Properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songlin Yue ◽  
Yanyu Qiu ◽  
Pengxian Fan ◽  
Pin Zhang ◽  
Ning Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Sodium Metasilicate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Deformation And Failure ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Low Modulus ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Relationship

Analogue material with appropriate properties is of great importance to the reliability of geomechanical model test, which is one of the mostly used approaches in field of geotechnical research. In this paper, a new type of analogue material is developed, which is composed of coarse aggregate (quartz sand and/or barite sand), fine aggregate (barite powder), and cementitious material (anhydrous sodium silicate). The components of each raw material are the key influencing factors, which significantly affect the physical and mechanical parameters of analogue materials. In order to establish the relationship between parameters and factors, the material properties including density, Young’s modulus, uniaxial compressive strength, and tensile strength were investigated by a series of orthogonal experiments with hundreds of samples. By orthogonal regression analysis, the regression equations of each parameter were obtained based on experimental data, which can predict the properties of the developed analogue materials according to proportions. The experiments and applications indicate that sodium metasilicate cemented analogue material is a type of low-strength and low-modulus material with designable density, which is insensitive to humidity and temperature and satisfies mechanical scaling criteria for weak rock or soft geological materials. Moreover, the developed material can be easily cast into structures with complex geometry shapes and simulate the deformation and failure processes of prototype rocks.

PSVI-8 Meta-regression Analysis to Determine the Relationship Between Growing Pig Body Weight and Variation

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 218-219
Author(s):  
Andres Fernando T Russi ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The swine industry has been constantly evolving to select animals with improved performance traits and to minimize variation in body weight (BW) in order to meet packer specifications. Therefore, understanding variation presents an opportunity for producers to find strategies that could help reduce, manage, or deal with variation of pigs in a barn. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by collecting data from multiple studies and available data sets in order to develop prediction equations for coefficient of variation (CV) and standard deviation (SD) as a function of BW. Information regarding BW variation from 16 papers was recorded to provide approximately 204 data points. Together, these data included 117,268 individually weighed pigs with a sample size that ranged from 104 to 4,108 pigs. A random-effects model with study used as a random effect was developed. Observations were weighted using sample size as an estimate for precision on the analysis, where larger data sets accounted for increased accuracy in the model. Regression equations were developed using the nlme package of R to determine the relationship between BW and its variation. Polynomial regression analysis was conducted separately for each variation measurement. When CV was reported in the data set, SD was calculated and vice versa. The resulting prediction equations were: CV (%) = 20.04 – 0.135 × (BW) + 0.00043 × (BW)2, R2=0.79; SD = 0.41 + 0.150 × (BW) - 0.00041 × (BW)2, R2 = 0.95. These equations suggest that there is evidence for a decreasing quadratic relationship between mean CV of a population and BW of pigs whereby the rate of decrease is smaller as mean pig BW increases from birth to market. Conversely, the rate of increase of SD of a population of pigs is smaller as mean pig BW increases from birth to market.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Concentration of Risk Elements in Alluvial Soils Determined by pXRF In Situ, in the Laboratory, and by ICP-OES

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 938
Author(s):  
Ladislav Menšík ◽  
Lukáš Hlisnikovský ◽  
Pavel Nerušil ◽  
Eva Kunzová
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Fast Method ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Risk Elements ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study was to compare the concentrations of risk elements (As, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in alluvial soil, which were measured by a portable X-ray fluorescence analyser (pXRF) in situ (FIELD) and in the laboratory (LABORATORY). Subsequently, regression equations were developed for individual elements through the method of construction of the regression model, which compare the results of pXRF with classical laboratory analysis (ICP-OES). The accuracy of the measurement, expressed by the coefficient of determination (R2), was as follows in the case of FIELD–ICP-OES: Pb (0.96), Zn (0.92), As (0.72), Mn (0.63), Cu (0.31) and Ni (0.01). In the case of LABORATORY–ICP-OES, the coefficients had values: Pb (0.99), Zn (0.98), Cu and Mn (0.89), As (0.88), Ni (0.81). A higher dependence of the relationship was recorded between LABORATORY–ICP-OES than between FIELD–ICP-OES. An excellent relationship was recorded for the elements Pb and Zn, both for FIELD and LABORATORY (R2 higher than 0.90). The elements Cu, Mn and As have a worse tightness in the relationship; however, the results of the model have shown its applicability for common use, e.g., in agricultural practice or in monitoring the quality of the environment. Based on our results, we can say that pXRF instruments can provide highly accurate results for the concentration of risk elements in the soil in real time for some elements and meet the principle of precision agriculture: an efficient, accurate and fast method of analysis.

EEG-correlates of work efficiency level among young persons with stress-induced bruxism

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
A. E. Barulin ◽  
S. V. Klauchek ◽  
A. E. Klauchek
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose of the study. To establish the relationship between neurophysiological status and the level of efficiency in young people with bruxism.Materials and methods. Two groups of 64 and 53 subjects (males and females) aged 20–35 years old with bruxism and non-bruxers were formed according to questionnaire results and physical examination. The level of efficiency was assessed by the results of sensorimotor tracking of a moving object (the ‘Smile’ model). Spectral analysis was performed for evaluation of the baseline electroencephalograms. Microsoft Excel and Statistica 10.0 programs were used for statistical data processing.Results. The level of efficiency was statistically significantly lower in the hardest test of Smile model among the individuals with bruxism (p < 0.05). The bruxers also demonstrated a significantly lower dominant frequency and maximum amplitude of alpha-rhythm (p < 0.05), and significantly higher dominant frequency of beta2 rhythm (p < 0.05). The dominant frequency and the maximum amplitude of the alpha-rhythm are parameters corresponding to significant coefficients of the regression analysis. A negative relationship was found between the degree of error during sensorimotor tracking and the frequency and amplitude of alpha-rhythm.Conclusion. Regression models present the relationship between the level of efficiency and the alpha-rhythm severity. The regression equations make it possible to determine the functional state of the subject using an electroencephalogram.

Word Recognition in Multitalker Babble Measured with Two Psychophysical Methods

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (08) ◽  
pp. 622-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Wilson ◽  
Christopher A. Burks ◽  
Deborah G. Weakley
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Random Presentation ◽  
Presentation Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Northwestern University ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relationship between psychometric functions for words presented in multitalker babble using a descending presentation level protocol and a random presentation level protocol. Forty veterans (mean = 63.5 years) with mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing losses were enrolled. Seventy of the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 words spoken by the VA female speaker were presented at seven signal-to-babble ratios from 24 to 0 dB (10 words/step). Although the random procedure required 69 sec longer to administer than the descending protocol, there was no significant difference between the results obtained with the two psychophysical methods. There was almost no relation between the perceived ability of the listeners to understand speech in background noise and their measured ability to understand speech in multitalker babble. Likewise, there was a tenuous relation between pure-tone thresholds and performance on the words in babble and between recognition performance in quiet and performance on the words in babble.

Spread-of-Masking Effects on Pure Tones and Several Speech Stimuli

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-396
Author(s):  
Richard H. Wilson ◽  
Richard W. Stream ◽  
Donald D. Dirks
Keyword(s):  
Pure Tone ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Intensity Range ◽  
Speech Spectrum ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Upper Slope

A series of experiments was performed to study the upward-spread-of-masking phenomena as it pertains to pure-tone and speech stimuli. In the initial two experiments, three maskers were employed over a 40–60-dB intensity range. They included a wide band (50–5500 Hz), a speech spectrum (50–1000 Hz), and a narrow-band (50–950 Hz) noise. All filter slopes were 48 dB/octave, except for the upper slope of the speech-spectrum noise that was 6 dB/octave. In the first experiment, pure-tone thresholds obtained by a tracking procedure revealed no spread of masking when the wide-band and speech-spectrum maskers were used. Substantial spread-of-masking effects, characterized by nonlinear threshold increments outside the spectrum of the masker, were observed with the narrow-band masker. The second experiment included three types of speech stimuli (PBs, spondees, and synthetic sentences) under the same mask conditions used with the pure tones. Threshold shifts observed for the wide- and speech-spectrum maskers were linear with the masking intensity level. However, increased shifts, attributable to spread of masking, were observed with the narrow band and progressed nonlinearly as a function of the masking level. Finally, two additional experiments, performed with two different narrow-band maskers and spondee words, provided insightful information regarding the effects of the spread of masking on speech stimuli.

scholarly journals Estimation of Fertility due to Contraception in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-150
Author(s):  
Bijaya Mani Devkota
Keyword(s):  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

  Fertility has an important role for demographic transition and total fertility rate (TFR) which is one component measurements of fertility. Absences of complete and reliable data, a large number of indirect techniques have been developed to estimate demographic parameters. Some of these techniques are based on stable population theory and others are regression equations between the dependent variables, the TFR and the independent variables, the socio economic as well as demographic variables. The unwanted or unintended pregnancies can be avoided through the use of contraceptives; it becomes very important to estimate the births averted or pregnancies stopped by use of contraception. Though there is increase in the use of contraception, still many couples do not use contraception in spite of the fact that they require to use contraception. To satisfy this unmet need of contraception is one of the policy targets of national population policy for population stabilization. In this study, 12862 married females between 15-49 years of age, whose marital duration is more than 5 years, have been taken to study the distribution on different background characteristics and their behavior. Firstly, a regression study was done to know the impact on contraceptive use and further multivariate study has been carried out to know the effect of background characteristics and behavior on absence of birth five years jointly at different sub division. This method is based on the relationship between the Total fertility rate (TFR) and contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR).By using this modified estimate of TFR, birth averted for different area. The variables are CPR that about 71.4 percent variation in TFR can be explained by the first regression approach. The second is based on the relationship between total fertility rate (TFR) and Additive combination of CPR and proportion of currently married females having open birth interval (NPV) explained about 82percent of the variation in TFR. The findings revealed that the TFR calculated by the present method are quite close to the observed values of the TFR. Estimates of births averted and the percent change in births in the absence of contraception, based on the two methods are fairly consistent.

Romans czy rodzina? Małżeństwo urfi a wyobrażenia o nim zachodnich turystek w Egipcie

2013 ◽  
pp. 201-213
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Górak-Sosnowska ◽  
Maciej Klimiuk
Keyword(s):  
Source Material ◽  
Sex Tourism ◽  
Minimal Importance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
European Women

Unofficial marriage (Arabic nikah ‘urfi, zawag ‘urfi) is an innovation used primarily in Egypt. In view of the high cost of marriage, ‘urfi’s role is instrumental in religiously legitimising a relationship. At the same time it is a step to enter the true, i.e. official, marriage. The ‘urfi institution has been applied over the last few years to relationships between Western female tourists and local men within so-called sex tourism or romance. The article analyses ways of understanding and perception of ‘urfi marriage by Western female tourists. The source material consists of the women’s online posts on forums devoted to intimate touristic contacts between European women and Arabs. Several types of the narrative can be specified, such as the partner’s sexual potential, urfi as the tool of discrediting Western women engaged in the model, legitimacy for having sex, or impure intentions of habib (‘lover’). Family affairs are of minimal importance in the discourse, which emphasises instrumental nature of the relationship.

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