The Clinical Measurement of Skeletal Blood Flow

1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wootton ◽  
J. Reeve ◽  
N. Veall
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
51Cr Edta ◽  
Absorbed Radiation Dose

1. A new method for measurement of skeletal blood flow is described which depends on the complete extraction of 18F in a single passage through bone. 2. Plasma concentration and urinary excretion are measured over a 2 h period. The technique of impulse analysis is used to determine the initial transfer rate of 18F to bone and extravascular extracellular fluid (ECF). The ECF component is evaluated by using a second tracer (51Cr-EDTA or 82Br) and the bone transfer rate obtained by difference. The 51Cr-EDTA data also provide an estimate of glomerular filtration rate and enable a correction to be applied for urinary bladder retention when necessary. 3. Duplicate measurements of skeletal blood flow in eight normal male volunteers gave mean flows between 4·4 and 5·9% of blood volume/min, or about 4 ml min−1 100 g−1 of bone. The variation between normal subjects was least when the results were expressed as % of blood volume/min rather than ml/min, ml min−1 kg−1 or ml min−1 1·73 m−2 body surface area. The precision of the technique was estimated to be 16·4%. 4. Addition of 1·5% random noise to the input data resulted in an uncertainty of 8·5% in the measurement of skeletal blood flow, suggesting that improved precision depends on closer control of physiological variables. 5. In six patients with severe untreated Paget's disease of bone, skeletal blood flow was 8·4–15·3% of blood volume/min. The increase was significant in all cases. 6. The absorbed radiation dose is low, so that the measurement can be repeated.

A Study on the Distribution of Body Fluids after Rapid Saline Expansion in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Renal Insufficiency: Preferential Intravascular Deposition in Renal Failure

1983 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik A. Koomans ◽  
Anton B. Geers ◽  
Peter Boer ◽  
Jan C. Roos ◽  
Evert J. Dorhout Mees
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Distribution Volume ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Severe Renal Failure ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Stage Renal Disease

1. The effect of rapid intravenous infusion of 25 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution (saline)/kg body weight on extracellular fluid volume (ECFV, 82Br distribution volume), plasma volume (131I-labelled albumin distribution volume) and blood volume (from plasma volume and packed cell volume) was studied in nine normal subjects and a group of 11 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). 2. Immediately after the infusion, the increases in ECFV were equal in the two groups but the increases in plasma and blood volumes were significantly larger in the patients with ESRD. .3. Ninety minutes after the end of the infusion, the blood volume/ECFV ratio was significantly decreased from the control value in the normal subjects, but slightly increased in the patients with ESRD. 4. It is concluded that in severe renal failure the control of fluid distribution is changed in a way which leads to a preferential distribution of rapidly infused saline into the intravascular compartment.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Effects of Intravenous Papaverine Hydrochloride and Oral Pavabid HP Capsulets on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Normal Individuals

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence C. McHenry ◽  
David A. Stump ◽  
George Howard ◽  
Thomas T. Novack ◽  
Don H. Bivins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Papaverine Hydrochloride

A single-blind study was conducted in 13 right-handed normal male subjects to compare the effects of oral and i.v. papaverine on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Six xenon-133 inhalation rCBF measurements were performed on each subject; three tests—baseline, placebo, and drug evaluations—were carried out on each of two separate days. The oral and i.v. drugs were randomized for first-day administration. rCBF, measured as flow gray (FG), increased significantly (p ≤ 0.001) from baseline with both drug forms. Increases of 10.53% and 13.94% (left and right hemispheres, respectively) were demonstrated 90 min after a single 600-mg dose of oral papaverine. Increases of 5.09% and 8.69%, respectively, were recorded immediately after a single 100-mg dose of i. v. papaverine. FG also increased significantly (p ≤ 0.001) for both drug forms when compared to that of placebo. Placebo produced only a slight increase (not significant) with both the oral and i.v. groups. The data show that both oral and i.v. papaverine are equally effective in increasing rCBF in normal subjects.

Dose-response study of the redistribution of intravascular volume by angiotensin II in man

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph G. Motwani ◽  
Allan D. Struthers
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Venous Capacitance ◽  
Dose Response Study ◽  
Male Subjects

1. The response of systemic and regional haemodynamic indices to increasing infusion rates of angiotensin II (1, 3 or 10 ng min−1 kg−1) or placebo [5% (w/v) d-glucose] was studied in eight normal male subjects. 2. As compared with placebo, angiotensin II infusion caused an incremental rise in the serum angiotensin II level [14.5 ± 7.7 (placebo) to 187.2 ± 36.1 (10 ng of angiotensin II min−1 kg−1) pmol/l; mean ± 95% confidence interval] associated with a stepwise increase in total peripheral resistance [880 ± 42 (placebo) to 1284 ± 58 (10 ng of angiotensin II min−1 kg−1) dyn s cm−5] and a progressive reduction in cardiac output [8.3 ± 0.4 (placebo) to 7.0 ± 0.4 (10 ng of angiotensin II min−1 kg−1) litres/min]. 3. A stepwise fall in renal blood flow was observed with increasing angiotensin II infusion rate [1302 ± 65 (placebo) to 913 ± 64 (10 ng of angiotensin II min−1 kg−1) ml/min]. In contrast, calf blood flow was unaffected by 1 ng or 3 ng of angiotensin II min−1 kg−1 and was significantly increased by 10 ng of angiotensin II min−1 kg−1 (P < 0.01). 4. Calf venous capacitance was uninfluenced by 1 ng of angiotensin II min−1 kg−1, but was significantly increased by both 3 ng (P < 0.005) and 10 ng (P < 0.001) of angiotensin II min−1 kg−1. 5. Our results indicate that the pressor response to angiotensin II is a summation of multiple regional haemodynamic effects which differ qualitatively not only with the vascular bed studied but also within a single tissue, with the level of circulating angiotensin II attained. 6. The venodilatation we have demonstrated with high angiotensin II levels may effect a potentially favourable redistribution of blood flow in situations of inappropriate extracellular fluid volume expansion, such as chronic heart failure.

Interrelationships between regional blood flow, blood volume, and ventilation in supine humans

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 1205-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Brudin ◽  
C. G. Rhodes ◽  
S. O. Valind ◽  
T. Jones ◽  
J. M. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Left Lung ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Horizontal Gradient ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Gravitational Gradients

Positron emission tomography was used to measure alveolar gas volume, pulmonary blood volume (VB), regional alveolar ventilation (VA), and the regional ventilation-to-perfusion ratio (VA/Q) in a transaxial slice at midheart level in eight supine subjects and one prone normal subject during quiet breathing. These relationships allow regional blood flow (Q) to be calculated as VA/(VA/Q). No significant differences between right and left lung were found. Within the volume studied, which excluded the peripheral 2 cm of the lung, there was an exponential increase in Q by 11%/cm from 1.2 ml.min-1.cm-3 in the upper (ventral) to 3.5 ml.min-1.cm-3 in the lower (dorsal) lung regions, explaining 61% of the total variation within groups, whereas the horizontal gradient only explained 7% (right lung; supine subjects). Similar gravitational gradients were found in the single prone subject. VA and Q were well matched except at the dorsal lung thoracic border where low values of VA/Q due to a reduction in ventilation were occasionally found even in these normal subjects. VB and Q were reasonably well matched, implying that variations in vascular transit time due to gravity are kept to a minimum. The coefficient of local variation of peripheral vascular transit times (VB/Q) (33%) was, therefore, less than would have been expected if VB and Q were uncorrelated (57%).

Intrathoracic airstream temperatures during acute expansions of thoracic blood volume

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ileen A. Gilbert ◽  
Jacques Regnard ◽  
K. A. Lenner ◽  
J. A. Nelson ◽  
E. R. McFadden
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Tracheobronchial Tree ◽  
Thermal Probe ◽  
Thermally Induced

1. To determine the validity of employing intrathoracic heat flux as a reflection of changes in bronchial blood flow, we used a thermal probe to record airstream temperatures within the tracheobronchial tree in five normal and five asthmatic subjects during isocapnic hyperventilation challenges with and without inflation of the lower limb bladders of a pressure suit. 2. During hyperpnoea, airstream temperatures fell progressively in both subject groups. When blood volume was acutely shifted from the legs into the thorax via antishock trousers, airstream temperatures within the tracheobronchial tree rose and were significantly higher than the temperatures recorded during hyperpnoea alone. In the normal subjects, once hyperpnoea ceased, the rate of airway re-warming was similar whether or not the antishock trousers were inflated. In the asthmatic subjects, however, shifting blood into the thorax attenuated the obstructive response to hyperpnoea and slowed the rate of re-warming. 3. These data demonstrate that changes in airway blood volume are reflected in fluctuations in intrathoracic heat exchange and that disruption of the end hyperpnoea thermal gradient attenuates the airway obstruction that follows hyperpnoea. Since the bronchial blood supply is the major source of heat to the airways, this circulation may play an important role in thermally induced asthma.

The Pressure—Volume Relationship in Normotensive and Permanent Essential Hypertensive Patients

1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Safar ◽  
N. PH. Chau ◽  
Y. A. Weiss ◽  
G. M. London ◽  
A. CH. Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Renal Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Volume Relationship ◽  
Pressure Volume Relationship

1. Blood pressure, blood volume and renal blood flow were determined in 101 men; forty-three were normal subjects and fifty-eight were untreated permanent essential hypertensive patients with normal renal function and equilibrated sodium balance. 2. A significant negative pressure—volume relationship was observed overall. The relationship could be expressed as a hyperbola whose slope expressed the reduction in blood volume per unit rise in pressure: the higher the blood pressure, the lower the slope. Thus essential hypertensive subjects have a smaller decrement in blood volume per unit rise in pressure than normal subjects. 3. The relation between change in blood volume and change in pressure was confirmed in each individual by defining for each a ratio ΔV/ΔP, statistically identical with the hyperbolic slope dV/dP. The ΔV/ΔP ratio was found to be well correlated with the renal blood flow and the creatinine clearance. No correlation existed between the total blood volume and these two renal parameters. 4. It is concluded that the present study demonstrates a blood volume regulation disturbance in essential hypertension and provides evidence from human studies that a renal defect accompanies high blood pressure.

Comparison of the Effects of Water Immersion and Saline Infusion on Central Haemodynamics in Man

1977 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-350
Author(s):  
R. Levinson ◽  
M. Epstein ◽  
M. A. Sackner ◽  
R. Begin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Alveolar Volume ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Capillary Blood Volume ◽  
Saline Administration

1. The effects of acute intravenous infusion of 2 litres of saline/120 min on pulmonary capillary blood flow (Q̇c), diffusing capacity per unit of alveolar volume (DL/VA), functional residual capacity (FRC), and pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume (VTPC) were compared with the changes induced by water immersion to the neck for 4 h. Serial measurements were made at 30 min intervals in five normal subjects, utilizing a non-invasive rebreathing method with a gas mixture containing 0·5% acetylene, 0·3% C180, 10% He, 21% O2 and 68·2% N2. 2. Infusion of saline produced a rise in Q̇c which was similar to that induced by immersion. This increment in Q̇c persisted for the 3 h of observation after stopping the infusion, in contrast to the prompt decrease in Q̇c to pre-study values after cessation of immersion. 3. DL/VA was unaffected by saline administration in contrast to the marked and prompt increment induced by immersion. 4. Pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume was unchanged during both saline administration and immersion, suggesting that neither gradual saline administration nor immersion induces major extravasation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitial space. 5. The present data indicate that the ‘volume stimulus’ of immersion is similar to that of saline-induced extracellular fluid volume expansion in normal seated subjects. Immersion may be a preferred investigative approach for assessing the effects of volume expansion in subjects in whom rapid reversibility of the ‘volume stimulus’ is desirable.

Observations on Cardiac Output and ”Pulmonary Blood Volume” in Normal Man by External Recording of the Intracardiac Flow of 131I Labelled Albumin

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (04) ◽  
pp. 353-379
Author(s):  
Jacques Lammerant ◽  
Norman Veall ◽  
Michel De Visscher
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Blood Volume ◽  
Intracardiac Flow ◽  
Normal Man ◽  
Mean Circulation

Summary1. The technique for the measurement of cardiac output by external recording of the intracardiac flow of 131I labelled human serum albumin has been extended to provide a measure of the mean circulation time from right to left heart and hence a new approach to the estimation of the pulmonary blood volume.2. Values for the basal cardiac output in normal subjects and its variations with age are in good agreement with the previously published data of other workers.3. The pulmonary blood volume in normal man in the basal state was found to be 28.2 ± 0.6% of the total blood volume.4. There was no correlation between cardiac output and pulmonary blood volume in a series of normal subjects in the basal state.5. The increase in cardiac output during digestion was associated with a decrease in pulmonary blood volume equal to 6.3 ± 1.2% of the total blood volume, that is, about 280 ml.6. The increase in cardiac output during exercise was associated with a decrease in pulmonary blood volume equal to 4.5 ± 1.0% of the total blood volume, that is, about 200 ml.7. The increase in cardiac output attributed to alarm is not associated with a decrease in pulmonary blood volume, the latter may in fact be increased.8. The total blood volume is advocated as a standard of reference for studies of this type in normal subjects in preference to body weight or surface area.9. The significance of these results and the validity of the method are discussed.

T Lymphocyte Proliferative Responses Induced by Recombinant Factor VIII in Hemophilia A Patients with Inhibitors

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (01) ◽  
pp. 017-022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia T Singer ◽  
Joseph E Addiego ◽  
Donald C Reason ◽  
Alexander H Lucas
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Hemophilia A ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Cell Fractionation ◽  
Severe Hemophilia ◽  
Human Factor Viii

SummaryIn this study we sought to determine whether factor VUI-reactive T lymphocytes were present in hemophilia A patients with inhibitor antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) were obtained from 12 severe hemophilia A patients having high titer inhibitors, 4 severe hemophilia A patients without inhibitors and 5 normal male subjects. B cell-depleted MNC were cultured in serum-free medium in the absence or presence of 2 µg of recombinant human factor VIII (rFVIII) per ml, and cellular proliferation was assessed after 5 days of culture by measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation. rFVIII induced marked cellular proliferation in cultures of 4 of 12 inhibitor-positive hemophilia patients: fold increase over background (stimulation index, SI) of 7.8 to 23.3. The remaining 8 inhibitor-positive patients, the 4 hemophilia patients without inhibitors and the 5 normal subjects, all had lower proliferative responses to rFVIII, SI range = 1.6 to 6.0. As a group, the inhibitor-positive subjects had significantly higher proliferative responses to rFVIII than did the inhibitor-negative and normal subjects (p < 0.05 by t-test). Cell fractionation experiments showed that T lymphocytes were the rFVIII-responsive cell type, and that monocytes were required for T cell proliferation. Thus, rFVIII-reactive T lymphocytes are present in the peripheral circulation of some inhibitor-positive hemophilia A patients. These T cells may recognize FVIII in an antigen-specific manner and play a central role in the regulation of inhibitor antibody production

Calcium and the Fc Receptor on Human Platelets

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (03) ◽  
pp. 298-301
Author(s):  
William F Clark ◽  
Gerald J M Tevaarwerk ◽  
Bruce D Reid ◽  
Suzanne Hall ◽  
Anita Caveney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Binding ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Fc Receptor ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Scatchard Analysis ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Binding Data ◽  
Direct Binding

SummaryWe have described the calcium dependence of the IgG Fc receptor (Fc-R) on human platelets by analyzing the direct binding of radiolabelled Fc fragments, monomers and dimers of IgG. Specific binding to platelets was undetectable at 37° C in a calcium-free preparation but readily detected when calcium was restored. Scatchard analysis of the binding data for the calcium-restored platelets permitted calculation of the available Fc-R and the Ka of binding for the different IgG ligands. The mean Ka of binding for 12 normal subjects varied from 107 to 108 L/M, with an equal receptor number measured by Fc fragments and dimers of IgG, but a lesser amount for monomeric IgG. There was no apparent difference in Fc-R number for platelets from 6 normal male versus 6 normal female subjects.At 4° C binding was detectable for dimers and polymers of IgG in a calcium-free preparation and this was markedly increased with recalcification. Thus, our data are consistent with an Fc receptor population on human platelets whose avidity for binding is significantly enhanced in a calcium-restored medium.

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