Comparison of the Effects of Water Immersion and Saline Infusion on Central Haemodynamics in Man

1977 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-350
Author(s):  
R. Levinson ◽  
M. Epstein ◽  
M. A. Sackner ◽  
R. Begin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Alveolar Volume ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Capillary Blood Volume ◽  
Saline Administration

1. The effects of acute intravenous infusion of 2 litres of saline/120 min on pulmonary capillary blood flow (Q̇c), diffusing capacity per unit of alveolar volume (DL/VA), functional residual capacity (FRC), and pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume (VTPC) were compared with the changes induced by water immersion to the neck for 4 h. Serial measurements were made at 30 min intervals in five normal subjects, utilizing a non-invasive rebreathing method with a gas mixture containing 0·5% acetylene, 0·3% C180, 10% He, 21% O2 and 68·2% N2. 2. Infusion of saline produced a rise in Q̇c which was similar to that induced by immersion. This increment in Q̇c persisted for the 3 h of observation after stopping the infusion, in contrast to the prompt decrease in Q̇c to pre-study values after cessation of immersion. 3. DL/VA was unaffected by saline administration in contrast to the marked and prompt increment induced by immersion. 4. Pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume was unchanged during both saline administration and immersion, suggesting that neither gradual saline administration nor immersion induces major extravasation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitial space. 5. The present data indicate that the ‘volume stimulus’ of immersion is similar to that of saline-induced extracellular fluid volume expansion in normal seated subjects. Immersion may be a preferred investigative approach for assessing the effects of volume expansion in subjects in whom rapid reversibility of the ‘volume stimulus’ is desirable.

Effects of water immersion to the neck on pulmonary circulation and tissue volume in man

1976 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Begin ◽  
M. Epstein ◽  
M. A. Sackner ◽  
R. Levinson ◽  
R. Dougherty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Immersion ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Alveolar Volume ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary Blood Flow ◽  
Capillary Blood Volume ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary Blood ◽  
Residual Capacity

Utilizing the rebreathing of a gas mixture containing C2H2, C180, He O2, and N2, we obtained serial measurements of the pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc), diffusing capacity per unit of alveolar volume (DL/VA), functional residual capacity (FRC), pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume (VTPC), and O2 comsumption (VO2) in five normal subjects under the following conditions: 1) 6 h of sitting, 2) 4 h of sitting while immersed in thermoneutral water to the neck, and 3) 4 h of lying in thermoneutral water to the neck. Water immersion (NI) was preceded and followed by 1-h prestudy and 1-h recovery periods. The measurements were made at 30-min intervals. Seated NI produced a fourfold increase in sodium excretion (UNaV), a 25–36% increase in Qc, a 45–59% increase in DL/VA, and a 30–36% decrease in FRC. This occurred as early as the 1st h of NI and persisted throughout the 4-h period of study. Throughout the seated control and NI periods, VO2, heart rate, and VTPC remained constant. During supine NI, Qc, HR, DL/VA, FRC, and VO2 did not differ significantly from supine prestudy. These date demonstrate that seated NI causes a significant increase of Qc and DL/VA which persists throughout the immersion period. Furthermore, the lack of change of VTPC suggests that the central vascular engorgement induced by seated NI is not accompanied by extravasation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitial space.

Pulmonary diffusing capacity and capillary blood volume in normal and anemic dogs

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Jouasset-Strieder ◽  
John M. Cahill ◽  
John J. Byrne ◽  
Edward A. Gaensler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Alveolar Volume ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary ◽  
Capillary Membrane ◽  
Capillary Blood Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Alveolar Capillary

The CO diffusing capacity (Dl) was measured by the single-breath method in eight anesthetized dogs. Pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) and membrane diffusing capacity (Dm) were determined in six animals by the method of Roughton and Forster. The studies were repeated after anemia had been induced by replacing whole blood with plasma. Large dogs were selected with a mean body weight of 29 kg and a mean alveolar volume of 2,020 ml (STPD) during tests. The mean arterial blood Hb decreased from 14.3 to 6.6 g/100 ml, the mean Dl from 27 to 12 ml/min mm Hg, and the mean Dm from 100 to 47 ml/min mm Hg. Vc averaged 67 ml in the control state and was not significantly changed during anemia. Reductions in Dl and Dm during anemia were proportional to the fall in blood Hb. Both Dl and Dm in all dogs, normal and anemic, were proportional to the volume of red blood cells in the lung capillaries (Vrbc). These results suggest that Vrbc might be an estimate of the useful area of the alveolar-capillary membrane while Dm/Vrbc should vary with changes in its thickness. The latter was not altered by anemia. alveolar capillary membrane; pulmonary membrane; diffusing capacity; pulmonary capillary RBC volume; pulmonary diffusion pathway; carbon monoxide Submitted on March 2, 1964

Using Hyperpolarized 129Xe Gas Exchange MRI to Model the Regional Airspace, Membrane and Capillary Contributions to Diffusing Capacity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyi Wang ◽  
Leith Rankine ◽  
Elianna A. Bier ◽  
David Mummy ◽  
Junlan Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Membrane Conductance ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Alveolar Volume ◽  
Hyperpolarized 129Xe ◽  
Capillary Blood Volume ◽  
Individual Disease

Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI has emerged as a novel means to evaluate pulmonary function via 3D mapping of ventilation, interstitial barrier uptake, and RBC transfer. However, the physiological interpretation of these measurements has yet to be firmly established. Here we propose a model that uses the three components of 129Xe gas exchange MRI to estimate accessible alveolar volume (VA), membrane conductance, and capillary blood volume contributions to DLCO 129Xe ventilated volume (VV) was related to VA by a scaling factor kV=1.47 with 95% confidence interval [1.42, 1.52], relative 129Xe barrier uptake (normalized by the healthy reference value) was used to estimate the membrane specific conductance coefficient kB=10.6 [8.6, 13.6] mL/min/mmHg/L, while normalized RBC transfer was used to calculate the capillary blood volume specific conductance coefficient kR=13.6 [11.4, 16.7] mL/min/mmHg/L. In this way, the barrier and RBC transfer per unit volume determined the transfer coefficient KCO, which was then multiplied by image-estimated VA to obtain DLCO. The model was built on a cohort of 41 healthy subjects and 101 patients with pulmonary disorders. The resulting 129Xe-derived DLCO correlated strongly (R2=0.75, p<0.001) with the measured values, a finding that was preserved within each individual disease cohort. The ability to use 129Xe MRI measures of ventilation, barrier uptake and RBC transfer to estimate each of the underlying constituents of DLCO both clarifies the interpretation of these images, while enabling its use to monitor these aspects of gas exchange independently and regionally.

Comparison of water immersion and saline infusion as a means of inducing volume expansion in man

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Epstein ◽  
D. S. Pins ◽  
R. Arrington ◽  
A. G. Denunzio ◽  
R. Engstrom
Keyword(s):  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Saline Infusion ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Concomitant Increase ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Recumbent Posture ◽  
Saline Administration ◽  
Central Hypervolemia

Although previous studies have demonstrated that water immersion to the neck (NI) results in both central hypervolemia and a significant natriuresis, it is unclear whether the magnitude of the “volume stimulus” of NI is comparable to that induced by the extracellular fluid volume expansion (ECVE) induced by acute saline administration. The present study was undertaken therefore to compare the natriuresis induced by these two different stimuli. All subjects were studied on four occasions while in balance on a diet containing 150 meq of sodium and 80 meq of potassium daily: seated control; seated immersion; and saline administration in both the seated and recumbent posture. The increment in UNaV during NI was indistinguishable from that of seated saline. Similarly, the kaliuretic response during NI was similar to that induced by seated saline infusion. In contrast, supine saline infusion resulted in a greater increment in UNaV than either NI or seated saline. The present data indicate that the “volume stimulus” of immersion is identical with that of standard saline-induced ECVE in normal seated subjects. Furthermore, the ability of NI to induce a natriuresis without a concomitant increase in total blood volume and with a decrease in body weight, rather than the increase which attends saline infusion, suggests that NI may be a preferred investigative tool for assessing the effects of ECVE in man.

Pulmonary diffusing capacity and capillary blood volume in aging dogs

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Robinson ◽  
J. R. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Transpulmonary Pressure ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Alveolar Volume ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Capillary Blood Volume ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary Blood

Single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLco), pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc), and membrane diffusing capacity (Dm) were measured in 24 beagle dogs aged 289–3,882 days. DLco and Vc were a function of age and alveolar volume (Va). Vc decreased with age resulting in changes in DLco. Changes in Vc may have been due to pulmonary morphological changes or to an exaggerated decrease in pulmonary blood flow in old dogs in response to 20–30 cmH-2O transpulmonary pressure. There was no age-related change in Dm.

Differential changes of lung diffusing capacity and tissue volume in hypergravity

2002 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 931-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Rohdin ◽  
Dag Linnarsson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Alveolar Volume ◽  
Tissue Volume ◽  
Dependent Part ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary ◽  
Capillary Blood Volume ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume

In normal gravity, lung diffusing capacity (Dl CO) and lung tissue volume (LTV; including pulmonary capillary blood volume) change in concert, for example, during shifts between upright and supine. Accordingly, Dl CO and LTV might be expected to decrease together in sitting subjects in hypergravity due to peripheral pooling of blood and reduced central blood volume. Nine sitting subjects in a human centrifuge were exposed to one, two, and three times increased gravity in the head-to-feet direction (Gz+) and rebreathed a gas containing trace amounts of acetylene and carbon monoxide. Dl CO was 25.2 ± 2.6, 20.0 ± 2.1, and 16.7 ± 1.7 ml · min−1 · mbar−1(means ± SE) at 1, 2, and 3 Gz+, respectively (ANOVA P < 0.001). Corresponding values for LTV increased from 541 ± 34 to 677 ± 43, and 756 ± 71 ml ( P < 0.001) at 2 and 3 Gz+. Results are compatible with sequestration of blood in the dependent part of the pulmonary circulation just as in the systemic counterpart. Dl CO, which under normoxic conditions is mainly determined by its membrane component, decreased despite an increased pulmonary capillary blood volume, most likely as a consequence of a less homogenous distribution of alveolar volume with respect to pulmonary capillary blood volume.

Circulating opioid peptides during water immersion in normal man

1988 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Coruzzi ◽  
C. Ravanetti ◽  
L. Musiari ◽  
A. Biggi ◽  
P. P. Vescovi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Methionine Enkephalin ◽  
Normal Man ◽  
Circulating Levels

1. This study was designed to evaluate variations in plasma β-endorphin, methionine-enkephalin, adrenocorticotropic hormone and serum prolactin in healthy volunteers during head-out water immersion. 2. Water immersion induced an increase in methionine-enkephalin plasma levels, which was associated with a significant fall in mean arterial pressure and heart rate. 3. Conversely, a suppression of plasma β-endorphin, adrenocorticotropic hormone and serum prolactin was detected during water immersion. 4. We suggest that a dopaminergic inhibitory control mechanism may be involved in regulating circulating levels of β-endorphin, adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin in normal subjects undergoing extracellular fluid volume expansion produced by water immersion.

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