Prostaglandin synthase activity in tissues from guinea pigs fed fatty acid- and aspirinsupplemented diets

1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 476-477
Author(s):  
CHRISTOS HADJIAGAPIOU ◽  
CATHERINE TRITSCHLER ◽  
MICHAEL G. HARRINGTON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Prostaglandin Synthase

ACETATE METABOLISM IN EXPERIMENTAL KETOSIS OF GUINEA PIGS

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Sterol Synthesis ◽  
Acetate Metabolism ◽  
Diabetic Ketosis ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Experimental Findings

Non-diabetic ketosis was produced experimentally in fasted pregnant guinea pigs. Total CO2output of ketotic animals was less than that of appropriate controls but there was no impairment in the conversion of acetate-1-C14to C14O2. Sterol synthesis increased in ketotic animals while fatty acid synthesis, particularly in carcass, showed the expected decrease. Ketosis was accompanied by an increase in plasma total fatty acids and in the fatty acid concentration of liver. The experimental findings support the hypothesis that ketosis is a manifestation of increased ketogenesis rather than impaired utilization of ketone bodies.

FATTY ACID, CHOLESTEROL, AND ACETOACETATE BIOSYNTHESIS IN LIVER HOMOGENATES FROM NORMAL AND STARVED GUINEA PIGS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 635-641
Author(s):  
Frank Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Liver Homogenates ◽  
In Vitro Biosynthesis

Fatty acid, cholesterol, and acetoacetate biosynthesis was studied with liver homogenates from normal and starved guinea pigs. Starvation suppressed the incorporation of acetate into fatty acids and cholesterol but not into acetoacetate. The in vitro biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids was not restored by the addition of either G-6-P or isocitrate in combination with TPN, nor was it restored by orally dosing the starved animals with dextrose. The addition of isocitrate to normal homogenates depressed cholesterogenesis and stimulated lipogenesis.

scholarly journals The source of fatty acids incorporated into proliferating lymphoid cells in immune-stimulated lymph nodes

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline M. Pond ◽  
Christine A. Mattacks
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

To explore the hypothesis that proliferating lymphoid cells in immune-stimulated lymph nodes obtain nutrients locally from adjacent adipose tissue, adult guinea pigs were fed for 6 weeks on standard chow or on chow supplemented with 100 g suet, sunflower oil or fish oi/g. All the guinea pigs ate standard chow for the last 5 d, during which swelling of one popliteal lymph node was stimulated by repeated local injection of lipopolysaccharide. The fatty acid compositions of phospholipids in both popliteal and in several mesenteric lymph nodes, and of triacylglycerols in eleven samples of adipose tissue defined by their anatomical relations to lymph nodes, were determined by GC. The proportions of fatty acids in the phospholipids extracted from the stimulated popliteal node correlated best with those of triacylglycerols in the surrounding adipocytes, less strongly with those of adipocytes elsewhere in depots associated with lymphoid tissue, but not with those of nodeless depots. The composition of triacylglycerols in the perinodal adipose tissue changed under local immune stimulation. We conclude that proliferating lymphoid cells in activated lymph nodes obtain fatty acids mainly from the triacylglycerols in adjacent perinodal adipose tissue. Immune stimulation prompts changes in the fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerols of adipocytes in node-containing depots that equip the adipose tissue for provisioning immune responses. Such local interactions show that specialised adipocytes can act as an interface between whole-body and cellular nutrition, and may explain why mammalian adipose tissue is partitioned into a few large and many small depots.

scholarly journals The effects of feeding suet-enriched chow on site-specific differences in the composition of triacylglycerol fatty acids in adipose tissue and its interactionsin vitrowith lymphoid cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A. Mattacks ◽  
Caroline M. Pond
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Site Specific

The effects of diet on the composition and properties of adipose tissue in relation to lymph nodes were studied in adult guinea-pigs. The proportions of monoenoic triacylglycerol fatty acids were constant in all sites in adipose tissue of similarly fed guinea-pigs, but were substantially greater in samples from guinea-pigs fed on suet-enriched chow. Triacylglycerols in adipose tissue from near nodes contained significantly fewer saturated fatty acids, and significantly more 18:2n−6 and 18:3n−3 than those in samples from sites remote from nodes within the same depot. Depots that interact most strongly with lymphoid cellsin vitrohad the largest and most consistent within-depot differences. The gradients of triacylgiycerol fatty acid composition with distance from lymph nodes in two small intermuscular depots were similar in guinea-pigs fed on plain or suet-enriched chow. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that adipose tissue around lymph nodes is specialized for local interactions with the lymphoid cells therein, and help to explain the variability of serial or duplicate measurements of adipose tissue composition. When cultured alone, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated lymph node lymphoid cells from suet-fed guinea-pigs incorporated as much labelled thymidine as the controls. Adipose tissue explants from suet-fed guinea-pigs inhibited lymphocyte proliferation much less than those of the controls, although the site-specific differences were similar. The pattern of site-specific differences in glycerol released from explants incubated alone was generally similar for both dietary groups, but except in the popliteal depot, the increases following co-culturing with lymphoid cells were smaller for samples from suet-fed guinea-pigs. These experiments show that minor changes in the fatty acid composition of the diet can substantially alter the interactions between adipose tissue and lymphoid cells.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sorbitan Caprylate, Sorbitan Cocoate, Sorbitan Diisostearate, Sorbitan Dioleate, Sorbitan Distearate, Sorbitan Isostearate, Sorbitan Olivate, Sorbitan Sesquiisostearate, Sorbitan Sesquistearate, and Sorbitan Triisostearate

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 93-112 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Skin Irritants ◽  
Acid Esters

Sorbitan fatty acid esters are mono-, di-, and triesters of fatty acids and sorbitol-derived hexitol anhydrides. They function as surfactants in cosmetic formulations. Previously, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel had reviewed the safety of several of these sorbitan fatty acid esters (Sorbitan Laurate, Sorbitan Oleate, Sorbitan Palmitate, Sorbitan Sesquioleate, Sorbitan Stearate, Sorbitan Trioleate, and Sorbitan Tristearate). This safety assessment is an addendum to that report that includes Sorbitan Caprylate, Sorbitan Cocoate, Sorbitan Diisostearate, Sorbitan Dioleate, Sorbitan Distearate, Sorbitan Isostearate, Sorbitan Olivate, Sorbitan Sesquiisostearate, Sorbitan Sesquistearate, and Sorbitan Triisostearate. Although concentrations of these ingredients up to 25% have been reported to be used, most commonly they are used at less than 10%. These esters may be hydrolyzed to the fatty acid and anhydrides of Sorbitol. Fatty Acids are absorbed and metabolized. Sorbitan fatty acid esters were relatively nontoxic via ingestion in acute and long-term studies. They were generally minimal to mild skin irritants in animal studies, except that Sorbitan Isostearate applied to the skin was a moderate irritant in one rabbit study and when injected intradermally caused mild to severe irritation in guinea pigs. Sorbitan fatty acid esters did not sensitize guinea pigs. The fatty acid component, tested alone, typically caused only slight irritation and sensitization, and was not photosensitizing. Sorbitan fatty acid esters were not ocular irritants. Fatty acids are normal components of diet for which no data were available concerning reproductive or developmental toxicity, but Sorbitol had no adverse effects on the reproduction of CD rats during a multigeneration feeding study and was not a reproductive toxin at doses of 3000 to 7000 mg/kg/day for 2 years. Overall these esters and their corresponding fatty acids were not mutagenic, but Sorbitan Oleate was reported to reduce DNA repair following ultraviolet radiation exposure in human lymphocytes in culture. Sorbitan Laurate and Sorbitan Trioleate were cocarcinogens in one mouse study, but Sorbitan Trioleate and Sorbitan Oleate were not tumor promoters in another study. In clinical tests, Sorbitan fatty acid esters were generally minimal to mild skin irritants and were nonsensitizing, but Sorbitan Sesquioleate did produce an allergic reaction in fewer than 1% of patients with suspected contact dermatitis and addition of Sorbitan Sesquioleate to the components of a fragrance mix used in patch testing increased both irritant and allergic reactions to the fragrance mix. Careful consideration was made of the data on the cocarcinogenesis of Sorbitan Laurate and Sorbitan Trioleate, but the high exposure levels, high frequency of exposure, and absence of a dose-response led to the conclusion that there was not a cocarcinogenesis risk with the use of these ingredients in cosmetic formulations. Accordingly, these ingredients were considered safe for use in cosmetic formulations under the present practices of use.

scholarly journals Induction of functional uncoupling protein in guinea pigs infused with noradrenaline. Studies with isolated brown adipocytes

1987 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Cunningham ◽  
D G Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Cold Adaptation ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
Beta Agonists ◽  
Chronic Infusion ◽  
Isolated Adipocytes

Continuous infusion of noradrenaline over the interscapular brown fat of guinea pigs maintained at thermoneutrality (28-32 degrees C) induces changes similar to those after cold-adaptation. (1) Multilocular fat droplets appear within the brown adipocytes. (2) The number of mitochondria per adipocyte and the total number of adipocytes both increase. (3) Noradrenaline addition to isolated adipocytes causes near maximal uncontrolled respiration. (4) The cells become more sensitive to fatty acid-induced uncoupling. (5) The tissue-specific uncoupling protein per mg of mitochondrial protein is increased 5-fold. Specific alpha- and beta-agonists were also chronically infused. (6) Separate infusion of phenylephrine or isoprenaline was not able to stimulate mitochondriogenesis or hyperplasia. (7) Adipocytes from these animals could not be uncoupled by acute noradrenaline. (8) Simultaneous chronic infusion of phenylephrine and isoprenaline reproduced the effects of chronic noradrenaline infusion.

The Normal Fatty Acid Constituents of Depot Fat of Cats and Guinea Pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
A. Akcasu ◽  
A. Güran Doz ◽  
G. Sunam ◽  
F. Baykut
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Normal Fatty Acid
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