ACETATE METABOLISM IN EXPERIMENTAL KETOSIS OF GUINEA PIGS

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Sterol Synthesis ◽  
Acetate Metabolism ◽  
Diabetic Ketosis ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Experimental Findings

Non-diabetic ketosis was produced experimentally in fasted pregnant guinea pigs. Total CO2output of ketotic animals was less than that of appropriate controls but there was no impairment in the conversion of acetate-1-C14to C14O2. Sterol synthesis increased in ketotic animals while fatty acid synthesis, particularly in carcass, showed the expected decrease. Ketosis was accompanied by an increase in plasma total fatty acids and in the fatty acid concentration of liver. The experimental findings support the hypothesis that ketosis is a manifestation of increased ketogenesis rather than impaired utilization of ketone bodies.

Responses in rumen fermentation and milk-fat secretion in cows receiving low-roughage diets supplemented with protected tallow

1974 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Storry ◽  
P. E. Brumby ◽  
A. J. Hall ◽  
V. W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Friesian Cows

SummaryThe effects on rumen fermentation and milk-fat secretion of a dietary supplement of protected tallow given to 4 Friesian cows established on a low-roughage ration and with depressed milk fat is reported. The ratios of acetate to propionate in the rumen were unaffected by the supplement and remained typical of those associated with low-roughage diets in that the proportion of propionate was increased. The supplement produced almost complete recoveries in yield and content of milk fat without any increase in intramammary fatty-acid synthesis. The recoveries were due to transfer of about 20% of the total fatty acids of the tallow supplement. These results are discussed in relation to the effects of low-roughage diets on milk-fat secretion and it is concluded that in the ‘low-fat syndrome’ the capacity of the mammary gland to absorb preformed fatty acids is not impaired.

Fatty acid synthesis from glucose-1-H3 and glucose-1-C14 in obese-hyperglycemic mice

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (5) ◽  
pp. 1085-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukio Shigeta ◽  
Walton W. Shreeve
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Maximum Conversion ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

One or two hours after intraperitoneal injection of trace amounts of glucose-1-H3 and glucose-1-C14 obese-hyperglycemic mice of the Bar Harbor strain converted five to ten times as much of both radioisotopes to total fatty acids of the liver and two to four times as much to total fatty acids of the remaining carcass as their lean siblings. The obese mice generally oxidized glucose-1-C14 to C14O2 and glucose-1-H3 to H3OH at rates equal to those of the lean mice. At 2 hr, 40–45% of the glucose-C14 had been converted to C14O2 and 75–80% of the glucose-1-H3 to H3OH. The maximum conversion of tritium to liver fatty acids was about .4% of the dose at 1 hr and of C14 about .25% of the dose at 1 hr, while for the carcass fatty acids the highest conversion were at 2 hr with about 2.0% of the dose of glucose-1-H3 and 1.8% of the dose of glucose-1-C14.

scholarly journals Inhibition of sterol but not fatty acid synthesis by valproate in developing rat brain in vivo

1990 ◽  
Vol 272 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Bolaños ◽  
J M Medina ◽  
D H Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Sterol Synthesis ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
Developing Rat ◽  
The Brain

The effect of administration of valproate on lipogenesis in the developing rat brain in vivo was studied. Valproate inhibited by 21-38% the rate of 3H2O incorporation into brain sterols, without significantly affecting fatty acid synthesis. Similarly, R-[2-14C]mevalonate incorporation into sterols was inhibited by 33-54%; the low rate of fatty acid synthesis under these conditions was not affected by valproate. Plasma ketone bodies decreased after treatment with valproate. Valproate inhibited (about 50%) both sterol and fatty acid synthesis in livers of weanling rats. It is concluded that valproate can specifically inhibit sterol synthesis in the brain during development, in part at a stage after mevalonate formation, and also by decreased exogenous precursor supply.

scholarly journals Reciprocal responses to dietary diacylglycerol of hepatic enzymes of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in the rat

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masakazu Murata ◽  
Takashi Ide ◽  
Kenji Hara
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Hepatic Enzymes ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

The activities of hepatic enzymes of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation were compared in rats fed on diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol. In the first trial, rats were fed on diacylglycerol or triacylglycerol (rapeseed oil) for 14 d. The diacylglycerol preparation contained 65·2 g and 32·6 g fatty acids/100 g total fatty acids as 1,3-species and 1,2-species respectively. Fatty acid compositions of these dietary lipids were similar. Dietary acylglycerols were added to experimental diets to provide the same amounts of fatty acids (93·9 g/kg diet). Dietary diacylglycerol compared with triacylglycerol significantly reduced the concentrations of serum and liver triacylglycerol. The activities of enzymes of fatty acid synthesis (fatty acid synthetase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40)) were significantly lower in rats fed on diacylglycerol than in those fed on triacylglycerol. In contrast, the rates of mitochondrial and peroxisomal oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA in liver homogenates were higher in rats fed on diacylglycerol than in those fed on triacylglycerol. In the second trial, varying amounts of dietary triacylglycerol were replaced by diacylglycerol while the dietary fatty acid content was maintained (93·9 g/kg diet). After 21 d of the feeding period the significant reductions in serum and liver triacylglycerol levels were confirmed in groups of rats fed on the diets in which diacylglycerol supplied more than 65·8 g fatty acids/kg diet (65·8 and 93·9 g/kg). Reductions in the activities of enzymes of fatty acid synthesis and increases in palmitoyl-CoA oxidation rates by both mitochondrial and peroxisomal pathways were also apparent when diacylglycerol replaced triacylglycerol in diets to supply more than 65·8 g fatty acid/kg. Increasing dietary levels of diacylglycerol also progressively increased the activities of enzymes involved in the β-oxidation pathway (carnitine palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.21), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.3), acyl-CoA oxidase (EC 1.3.3.6), enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35), 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.3.1.34) and Δ3,Δ2-enoyl-CoA isomerase (EC 5.3.3.8)) in the liver. These results suggest that alteration of fatty acid metabolism in the liver is a factor responsible for the serum triacylglycerol-lowering effect of dietary diacylglycerol.

scholarly journals Bicarbonate for microalgae cultivation: a case study in a chlorophyte, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis isolated from a Norwegian lake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikumi Umetani ◽  
Eshetu Janka ◽  
Michal Sposób ◽  
Chris J. Hulatt ◽  
Synne Kleiven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

AbstractBicarbonate was evaluated as an alternative carbon source for a green microalga, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis, isolated from Lake Norsjø in Norway. Photosynthesis, growth, and lipid production were studied using four inorganic carbon regimes: (1) aeration only, (2) 20 mM NaHCO3, (3) 5% (v/v) CO2 gas, and (4) combination of 20 mM NaHCO3 and 5% CO2. Variable chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis revealed that the bicarbonate treatment supported effective photosynthesis, while the CO2 treatment led to inefficient photosynthetic activity with a PSII maximum quantum yield as low as 0.31. Conversely, bicarbonate and CO2 treatments gave similar biomass and fatty acid production. The maximum growth rate, the final cell dry weight, and total fatty acids under the bicarbonate-only treatment were 0.33 (± 0.06) day−1, 673 (± 124) mg L−1 and 75 (± 5) mg g−1 dry biomass, respectively. The most abundant fatty acid components were α-linolenic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids constituting 69% of the total fatty acids. The fatty acid profile eventuated in unsuitable biodiesel fuel properties such as high degree of unsaturation and low cetane number; however, it would be relevant for food and feed applications. We concluded that bicarbonate could give healthy growth and comparative product yields as CO2.

scholarly journals FSMP-15. EVALUATING THE ROLE OF LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACID METABOLISM IN PROMOTING GLIOBLASTOMA GROWTH

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i19-i19
Author(s):  
Divya Ravi ◽  
Carmen del Genio ◽  
Haider Ghiasuddin ◽  
Arti Gaur
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Exogenous Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Glioblastomas (GBM) or Stage IV gliomas, are the most aggressive of primary brain tumors and are associated with high mortality and morbidity. Patients diagnosed with this lethal cancer have a dismal survival rate of 14 months and a 5-year survival rate of 5.6% despite a multimodal therapeutic approach, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Aberrant lipid metabolism, particularly abnormally active de novo fatty acid synthesis, is recognized to have a key role in tumor progression and chemoresistance in cancers. Previous studies have reported a high expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in patient tumors, leading to multiple investigations of FASN inhibition as a treatment strategy. However, none of these have developed as efficacious therapies. Furthermore, when we profiled FASN expression using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) we determined that high FASN expression in GBM patients did not confer a worse prognosis (HR: 1.06; p-value: 0.51) and was not overexpressed in GBM tumors compared to normal brain. Therefore, we need to reexamine the role of exogenous fatty acid uptake over de novofatty acid synthesis as a potential mechanism for tumor progression. Our study aims to measure and compare fatty acid oxidation (FAO) of endogenous and exogenous fatty acids between GBM patients and healthy controls. Using TCGA, we have identified the overexpression of multiple enzymes involved in mediating the transfer and activation of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in GBM tumors compared to normal brain tissue. We are currently conducting metabolic flux studies to (1) assess the biokinetics of LCFA degradation and (2) establish exogenous versus endogenous LCFA preferences between patient-derived primary GBM cells and healthy glial and immune cells during steady state and glucose-deprivation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chemical Variability of Cured Vanilla Beans (Vanilla tahitensis and Vanilla planifolia)

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0900401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel Brunschwig ◽  
François Xavier Collard ◽  
Jean-Pierre Bianchini ◽  
Phila Raharivelomanana
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Vanilla Planifolia ◽  
Chemical Variability ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Curing Method ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

In order to establish a chemical fingerprint of vanilla diversity, thirty samples of V. planifolia J. W. Moore and V. tahitensis G. Jackson cured beans from seven producing countries were examined for their aroma and fatty acid contents. Both fatty acid and aroma compositions were found to vary between vanilla species and origins. Vanillin was found in higher amounts in V. planifolia (1.7-3.6% of dry matter) than in V. tahitensis (1.0-2.0%), and anisyl compounds were found in lower amounts in V. planifolia (0.05%) than in V. tahitensis (1.4%-2.1%). Ten common and long chain monounsaturated fatty acids (LCFA) were identified and were found to be characteristic of the vanilla origin. LCFA derived from secondary metabolites have discriminating compositions as they reach 5.9% and 15.8% of total fatty acids, respectively in V. tahitensis and V. planifolia. This study highlights the role of the curing method as vanilla cured beans of two different species cultivated in the same country were found to have quite similar fatty acid compositions.

scholarly journals A novel acyl-CoA-binding protein from bovine liver. Effect on fatty acid synthesis

1987 ◽  
Vol 241 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
I B Mogensen ◽  
H Schulenberg ◽  
H O Hansen ◽  
F Spener ◽  
J Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Bovine Liver ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding Proteins ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Chain Acyl

Bovine liver was shown to contain a hitherto undescribed medium-chain acyl-CoA-binding protein. The protein co-purifies with fatty-acid-binding proteins, but was, unlike these proteins, unable to bind fatty acids. The protein induced synthesis of medium-chain acyl-CoA esters on incubation with goat mammary-gland fatty acid synthetase. The possible function of the protein is discussed.

Prediction of Fatty Acid Content in Beef Neck Lean by near Infrared Reflectance Analysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Windham ◽  
W.H. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in the prediction of individual and total fatty acids of bovine M. Longissimus dorsi neck muscles has been studied. Beef neck lean was collected from meat processing establishments using advanced meat recovery systems and hand-deboning. Samples ( n = 302) were analysed to determine fatty acid (FA) composition and scanned from 400 to 2498 nm. Total saturated and unsaturated FA values ranged from 43.2 to 62.0% and 38.3 to 56.2%, respectively. Results of partial least squares (PLS) modeling shown reasonably accurate models were attained for total saturate content [standard error of performance ( SEP = 1.10%); coefficient of determination on the validation set ( r2 = 0.77)], palmitic ( SEP = 0.94%; r2 = 0.69), unsaturate ( SEP = 1.13%; r2 = 0.77), and oleic ( SEP = 0.97; r2 = 0.78). Prediction of other individual saturated and unsaturated FAs was less accurate with an r2 range of 0.10 to 0.53. However, the sum of individual predicted saturated and unsaturated FA was acceptable compared with the reference method ( SEP = 1.10 and 1.12%, respectively). This study shows that NIR can be used to predict accurately total fatty acids in M. Longissimus dorsi muscle.

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