Effects of acute exercise and training on insulin action and sensitivity: focus on molecular mechanisms in muscle

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 31-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jørgen F.P. Wojtaszewski ◽  
Erik A. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Acute And Chronic Effects ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training ◽  
Over Time

A single bout of exercise increases insulin sensitivity for several hours and the effect is mainly restricted to the muscles recruited during exercise. When exercise is repeated over time, adaptations to physical training occur that include more long-lasting increases in insulin sensitivity. The present review explores the molecular mechanisms involved in both the acute and chronic effects of exercise on insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals Gender differences in insulin action after a single bout of exercise

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 1013-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Perreault ◽  
Jennifer M. Lavely ◽  
Bryan C. Bergman ◽  
Tracy J. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Euglycemic Clamp ◽  
Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemic Clamp ◽  
Lower Glucose ◽  
Single Bout

Effects of a single exercise bout on insulin action were compared in men ( n = 10) and women ( n = 10). On an exercise day, subjects cycled for 90 min at 85% lactate threshold, whereas on a rest (control) day, they remained semirecumbent. The period of exercise, or rest, was followed by a 3-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (30 mU·m−2·min−1) and indirect calorimetry. Glucose kinetics were measured isotopically by using an infusion of [6,6-2H2]glucose. Glucose infusion rate (GIR) during the clamp on the rest day was not different between the genders. However, GIR on the exercise day was significantly lower in men compared with women ( P = 0.01). This was mainly due to a significantly lower glucose rate of disappearance in men compared with women ( P = 0.05), whereas no differences were observed in the endogenous glucose rate of appearance. Nonprotein respiratory quotient (NPRQ) increased significantly during the clamp from preclamp measurements in men and women on the rest day ( P < 0.01). Exercise abolished the increase in NPRQ seen during the clamp on the rest day and tended to decrease NPRQ in men. Our results indicate the following: 1) exercise abolishes the usual increase in NPRQ observed during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in both genders, 2) men exhibit relatively lower whole body insulin action in the 3–4 h after exercise compared with women, and 3) gender differences in insulin action may be explained by a lower glucose rate of disappearance in the men after acute exercise. Together, these data imply gender differences in insulin action postexercise exist in peripheral tissues and not in liver.

A note on the combined effects of exercise and food restriction on plasma enzyme activities in the rat

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Beaton ◽  
B. Oyster
Keyword(s):  
Food Restriction ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Malic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training

Plasma activities of malic dehydrogenase (MDH) and glutamic–pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were measured in adult male rats made to swim for 1 h either as a single, acute exercise or in repeated exercises (training) in the presence of a 50% food restriction. Food restriction per se elevated MDH and lowered GPT activities. Food-restricted rats responded to both acute exercise and training by an elevated plasma MDH activity. The effect of exercise on plasma MDH activity in these animals was greater than in rats fed ad libitum and was greater than could be accounted for by the summation of the individual effects of training and of food restriction. Plasma GPT activity was not altered by exercise in rats fed ad libitum or in food-restricted animals. It would appear, as suggested previously, that plasma MDH activity may be a useful biochemical criterion of training.

scholarly journals Acute and chronic effects of exercise on tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 869-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Duclos ◽  
C. Gouarne ◽  
D. Bonnemaison
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Acute And Chronic Effects ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The aim of this study was to address the effect of endurance training on tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids (GC) in both resting and exercising conditions. In vitro dexamethasone inhibition of LPS-induced interleukin-6 secretion in cultures of peripheral monocytes was compared in untrained subjects (UT) and in endurance-trained men (ET) at the end of a 2-h run and during exercise recovery. We demonstrated an in vitro plasticity of sensitivity of monocytes to GC in ET men, superimposed to changes in systemic cortisol concentrations (plasma and saliva). Compared with sedentary men, similar resting cortisol levels in ET men are associated with decreased sensitivity of monocytes to GC 8 and 24 h after the end of the last training session ( P < 0.05, ET vs. UT). Moreover, in these ET subjects, an acute bout of exercise increased the sensitivity of monocytes to GC (at 1000 and 1200; ET vs. UT, P > 0.05). This acute exercise-induced increase in tissue sensitivity to GC, which is synchronous with activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis, may act to shut off muscle inflammatory reaction and cytokine synthesis and then decrease exercise-induced muscle damage or inflammatory response. By contrast, the decreased sensitivity of monocytes to GC reported in ET men 24 h after the last bout of exercise may be related to the process of desensitization that may act to protect the body from prolonged, exercise-induced cortisol secretion. These acute and chronic effects of exercise on tissue sensitivity to GC demonstrate an adaptation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis to repeated and prolonged exercise-induced increases in GC secretion.

Effect of acute exercise and prolonged training on insulin response to intravenous glucose in vivo in rat

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1660-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. James ◽  
K. M. Burleigh ◽  
E. W. Kraegen ◽  
D. J. Chisholm
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Tests

Physical training causes hypoinsulinemia and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Insulin sensitivity is also enhanced by a single bout of exercise. However, changes in beta-cell responsiveness with acute exercise are ill defined. To clarify these relationships intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed in 1) physically trained rats (3 different levels), 48 h after the last bout of exercise; 2) untrained rats, 0.5, 4, and 24 h after a single bout of exercise; or 3) sedentary control rats. The total area under the glucose-stimulated insulin response curve (GSIR) was negatively correlated with total distance run during training (r = -0.45, P less than 0.05), whereas glucose tolerance was improved (P less than 0.005 vs. controls) with intensive training. GSIR was suppressed by 38% (P less than 0.01 vs. controls) 0.5 h after a single bout of exercise. This effect persisted for 4 h but was not present after 24 h. These results indicate that a single bout of exercise induces suppression of GSIR which lasts less than 24 h. In contrast, physical training induces prolonged suppression (for at least 48 h) of GSIR, proportional to the intensity of training, and improved glucose tolerance.

scholarly journals Serum sphingolipids: relationships to insulin sensitivity and changes with exercise in humans

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (4) ◽  
pp. E398-E408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan C. Bergman ◽  
Joseph T. Brozinick ◽  
Allison Strauss ◽  
Samantha Bacon ◽  
Anna Kerege ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
Total Concentrations ◽  
Exercise In Humans

Ceramides and sphingolipids are a family of lipid molecules that circulate in serum and accumulate in skeletal muscle, promoting insulin resistance. Plasma ceramide and dihydroceramide are related to insulin resistance, yet less is known regarding other ceramide and sphingolipid species. Despite its association with insulin sensitivity, chronic endurance exercise training does not change plasma ceramide and sphingolipid content, with little known regarding a single bout of exercise. We measured basal relationships and the effect of acute exercise (1.5 h at 50% V̇o2 max) and recovery on serum ceramide and sphingolipid content in sedentary obese individuals, endurance-trained athletes, and individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Basal serum C18:0, C20:0, and C24:1 ceramide and C18:0 and total dihydroceramide were significantly higher in T2D and, along with C16:0 ceramide and C18:0 sphingomyelin, correlated positively with insulin resistance. Acute exercise significantly increased serum ceramide, glucosylceramide, and GM3 gangliosides, which largely decreased to basal values in recovery. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingomyelin did not change during exercise but decreased below basal values in recovery. Serum C16:0 and C18:0 ceramide and C18:0 sphingomyelin, but not the total concentrations of either of them, were positively correlated with markers of muscle NF-κB activation, suggesting that specific species activate intracellular inflammation. Interestingly, a subset of sphingomyelin species, notably C14:0, C22:3, and C24:4 species, was positively associated with insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. Together, these data show that unique ceramide and sphingolipid species associate with either protective or deleterious features for diabetes and could provide novel therapeutic targets for the future.

Acute Exercise and Training Alter Blood Lipid and Lipoprotein Profiles Differently in Overweight and Obese Men and Women

Obesity ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1618-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas P. Greene ◽  
Steven E. Martin ◽  
Stephen F. Crouse
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training ◽  
Lipoprotein Profiles

scholarly journals Effect of Resistance Exercise and Training and Principles of Prescribing it for Cardiovascular Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elahe Malekyian Fini ◽  
Sajad Ahmadizad
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Heart Research ◽  
Cardiovascular Patients ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training

Introduction: The importance and necessity of preventing the occurrence of these diseases in order to maintain and promote health, has attracted the attention of many researchers to methods of preventing the occurrence of cardiovascular injury. Metabolic effects of muscle mass loss due to the natural aging process are caused by decreased muscle activity and lead to high prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease. These risk factors cause disorders in the cardiovascular structure such as myocardial infarction, arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction, etc. Research also has shown that muscle strength is inversely related to all causes of death and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide safe resistance training methods for cardiovascular patients. Conclusion Resistance exercise is effective in preventing or reversing the functional, morphological and structural changes of the heart. Research shows that resistance training prevents the reduction of skeletal muscle mass and its function. This can also compensate for the functional decline caused by aging and disease. Because the methods of resistance training are various and are associated with many methodological problems, the study of the effect of exercise and resistance training in cardiovascular patients has always been controversial. This article reviews the findings of previous research examining the effects of the interaction between acute exercise and training in cardiovascular patients, and concludes the principles of prescribing resistance training in these patients. Overall, this study suggests that resistance training is beneficial even for the patients with CHF.

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