scholarly journals Enzymes of glycerolipid synthesis in small-intestinal mucosa of foetal and neonatal guinea pigs

1975 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
V J Short ◽  
R Dils ◽  
D N Brindley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Phosphatidate Phosphatase ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Glycerolipid Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestinal

1. The activities of some enzymes of glycerolipid synthesis were measured in homogenates obtained from the intestinal scrapings of 62-66-day foetuses and 2- and 8-day-old guinea pigs. 2. The ratio of protein concentration/DNA concentration was significantly higher (P greater than 0.001) in homogenized tissue from the neonatal compared with the foetal guinea pigs. Enzyme activities were therefore expressed relative to both protein and to DNA. 3. The specific activities (relative to DNA) of palmitoyl-CoA synthetase, glycerol phosphate acyltransferase and phosphatidate phosphatase were higher in homogenized tissues from neonatal than in those from the foetal guinea pigs. These activities are probably involved more in cell proliferation than in the absorption and transport of triacylglycerol. Its activity was not significantly different in the foetal and neonatal guinea pigs when expressed relative to DNA but it was lower in the neonatal guinea pigs when expressed relative to protein. The entry of food into the intestine after birth is therefore not necessary for its activity.

Polyamine depletion stabilizes p53 resulting in inhibition of normal intestinal epithelial cell proliferation

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (3) ◽  
pp. C941-C953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Jaladanki N. Rao ◽  
Xin Guo ◽  
Lan Liu ◽  
Rachel Santora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
P53 Protein ◽  
P53 Gene ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
The Stability ◽  
P53 Mrna

The p53 nuclear phosphoprotein plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation of target genes involved in growth arrest and apoptosis. The natural polyamines, including spermidine, spermine, and their precursor putrescine, are required for cell proliferation, and decreasing cellular polyamines inhibits growth of the small intestinal mucosa. In the current study, we investigated the mechanisms of regulation of p53 gene expression by cellular polyamines and further determined the role of the gene product in the process of growth inhibition after polyamine depletion. Studies were conducted both in vivo and in vitro using rats and the IEC-6 cell line, derived from rat small intestinal crypt cells. Levels for p53 mRNA and protein, transcription and posttranscription of the p53 gene, and cell growth were examined. Depletion of cellular polyamines by treatment with α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) increased p53 gene expression and caused growth inhibition in the intact small intestinal mucosa and the cultured cells. Polyamine depletion dramatically increased the stability of p53 mRNA as measured by the mRNA half-life but had no effect on p53 gene transcription in IEC-6 cells. Induction of p53 mRNA levels in DFMO-treated cells was paralleled by an increase in the rate of newly synthesized p53 protein. The stability of p53 protein was also increased after polyamine depletion, which was associated with a decrease in Mdm2 expression. When polyamine-deficient cells were exposed to exogenous spermidine, a decrease in p53 gene expression preceded an increase in cellular DNA synthesis. Inhibition of the p53 gene expression by using p53 antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides significantly promoted cell growth in the presence of DFMO. These findings indicate that polyamines downregulate p53 gene expression posttranscriptionally and that growth inhibition of small intestinal mucosa after polyamine depletion is mediated, at least partially, through the activation of p53 gene.

scholarly journals Dipeptidase activity in the small intestinal mucosa during pregnancy and lactation in the rat

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Rolls
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Supernatant Fraction ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Hormonal Stimulus ◽  
Dipeptidase Activity

1. Rats were mated and at weekly intervals during pregnancy and lactation, and after weaning, the dipeptidase activity in the supernatant fraction from small intestinal mucosa extracts was determined for two dipeptides: glycyl–L-leucine dipeptidase (EC 3.4.3.2) and L-alanyl–L-glutamic acid dipeptidase.2. Dipeptidase activity is found mainly in the soluble (supernantant) fraction of the mucosa homogenate.3. Compared with those values obtained for unmated controls, the food consumption of the animals and the nitrogen content, total and specific activities of the dipeptidases (per unit quantity of N) in the soluble fraction of the small intestinal mucosa extracts increased slightly during pregnancy and markedly during lactation. After the pups were weaned, values for all these measurements fell rapidly.4. Whether the increases found in enzyme activity were simply a response to increased food intake or were the result of hormonal stimulus is discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of fish oil on usage of [1-14С] palmitic acid in the synthesis of lipids in the tissues of guinea pigs under hypercholesterolemia in vitro

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
О. S. Pokotylo ◽  
O. O. Pokotylo ◽  
T. Ya. Yaroshenko ◽  
M. I. Koval
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Triacylglycerol Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestinal

It’s studied in vitro the intensity of lipid synthesis of various classes (fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and acylglycerols) in homogenates of liver, brain, small intestinal mucosa and adipose tissue after daily single injection of guinea pigs with cholesterol (300 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days. For this purpose, it’s determined the radioactivity of the lipid fractions of the referred above tissue homogenates of guinea pigs that was incubated with [1-14C] palmitic acid. It’s established the inhibitory effect of exogenous cholesterol, under increase its level in the diet of guinea pigs, on the diacylglycerol synthesis and on the free cholesterol in the small intestine mucosa and on the triacylglycerol synthesis in adipose tissue under usage as a precursor – [1-14C] palmitic acid. It’s determined a significant reduction in the intensity of total lipids and individual lipid classes by using as a precursor [1-14C] palmitic acid in in vitro conditions in the brain, liver, small intestinal mucosa and adipose tissue of guinea pigs with hypercholesterolemia when it’s given them fish oil as feed.

scholarly journals Comparative effect of orally administered sodium butyrate before or after weaning on growth and several indices of gastrointestinal biology of piglets

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1285-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Le Gall ◽  
Mélanie Gallois ◽  
Bernard Sève ◽  
Isabelle Louveau ◽  
Jens J. Holst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Villous Height ◽  
Small Intestinal

Sodium butyrate (SB) provided orally favours body growth and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in milk-fed pigs. In weaned pigs, conflicting results have been obtained. Therefore, we hypothesised that the effects of SB (3 g/kg DM intake) depend on the period (before v. after weaning) of its oral administration. From the age of 5 d, thirty-two pigs, blocked in quadruplicates within litters, were assigned to one of four treatments: no SB (control), SB before (for 24 d), or after (for 11–12 d) weaning and SB before and after weaning (for 35–36 d). Growth performance, feed intake and various end-point indices of GIT anatomy and physiology were investigated at slaughter. The pigs supplemented with SB before weaning grew faster after weaning than the controls (P < 0·05). The feed intake was higher in pigs supplemented with SB before or after weaning (P < 0·05). SB provided before weaning improved post-weaning faecal digestibility (P < 0·05) while SB after weaning decreased ileal and faecal digestibilities (P < 0·05). Gastric digesta retention was higher when SB was provided before weaning (P < 0·05). Post-weaning administration of SB decreased the activity of three pancreatic enzymes and five intestinal enzymes (P < 0·05). IL-18 gene expression tended to be lower in the mid-jejunum in SB-supplemented pigs. The small-intestinal mucosa was thinner and jejunal villous height lower in all SB groups (P < 0·05). In conclusion, the pre-weaning SB supplementation was the most efficient to stimulate body growth and feed intake after weaning, by reducing gastric emptying and intestinal mucosa weight and by increasing feed digestibility.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of apolipoprotein C-III in rat liver and small intestinal mucosa.

1984 ◽  
Vol 259 (4) ◽  
pp. 2452-2456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M C Blaufuss ◽  
J I Gordon ◽  
G Schonfeld ◽  
A W Strauss ◽  
D H Alpers
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Apolipoprotein C ◽  
Small Intestinal

scholarly journals Contribution of Infectious Agents to the Development of Celiac Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 547
Author(s):  
Daniel Sánchez ◽  
Iva Hoffmanová ◽  
Adéla Szczepanková ◽  
Věra Hábová ◽  
Helena Tlaskalová-Hogenová
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Food Antigens ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
And Function

The ingestion of wheat gliadin (alcohol-soluble proteins, an integral part of wheat gluten) and related proteins induce, in genetically predisposed individuals, celiac disease (CD), which is characterized by immune-mediated impairment of the small intestinal mucosa. The lifelong omission of gluten and related grain proteins, i.e., a gluten-free diet (GFD), is at present the only therapy for CD. Although a GFD usually reduces CD symptoms, it does not entirely restore the small intestinal mucosa to a fully healthy state. Recently, the participation of microbial components in pathogenetic mechanisms of celiac disease was suggested. The present review provides information on infectious diseases associated with CD and the putative role of infections in CD development. Moreover, the involvement of the microbiota as a factor contributing to pathological changes in the intestine is discussed. Attention is paid to the mechanisms by which microbes and their components affect mucosal immunity, including tolerance to food antigens. Modulation of microbiota composition and function and the potential beneficial effects of probiotics in celiac disease are discussed.

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