scholarly journals Recovery of steroidal glucosiduronic acids from organic solvents containing anionic liquid ion-exchangers

1972 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon R. Mattox ◽  
Robert D. Litwiller ◽  
June E. Goodrich
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Primary Amines ◽  
Ion Exchangers ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Organic Solutions ◽  
Solubilizing Effect

Solutions of anionic liquid ion-exchangers in organic solvents are potentially useful for extracting steroidal glucosiduronic acids from biological fluids and for purifying mixtures of these acids by chromatography. If a glucosiduronic acid is to be isolated in pure form after either of these procedures, it is necessary to separate it from the ion-exchanger. Separation from an organic solution of tetraheptylammonium chloride may be accomplished by extraction with water under the following conditions, which promote transfer of a glucosiduronate to the aqueous phase: (1) an appropriate solvent (diluent) as the organic phase, (2) the presence in the two-phase mixture of an anion such as myristate or dodecyl sulphate to combine with the tetraheptylammonium ion, and (3) an increase of the pH of the aqueous phase in association with the presence of myristate or dodecyl sulphate. The foregoing factors apply also to removal of glucosiduronates from organic solutions of ion exchangers that are hydrochlorides of tertiary, secondary, or primary amines. Since these amines exert progressively less solubilizing effect for glucosiduronates as the pH of the aqueous phase is increased, the conjugates can be released from the organic phase by adjusting the pH to 10 and omitting the myristate or dodecyl sulphate.

scholarly journals Extraction of steroidal glucosiduronic acids from aqueous solutions by anionic liquid ion-exchangers

1972 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
V R Mattox ◽  
R. D. Litwiller ◽  
J E Goodrich
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Amine Hydrochloride ◽  
Ion Exchangers ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Organic Solutions

A pilot study on the extraction of three steroidal glucosiduronic acids from water into organic solutions of liquid ion-exchangers is reported. A single extraction of a 0.5mm aqueous solution of either 11-deoxycorticosterone 21-glucosiduronic acid or cortisone 21-glucosiduronic acid with 0.1m-tetraheptylammonium chloride in chloroform took more than 99% of the conjugate into the organic phase; under the same conditions, the very polar conjugate, β-cortol 3-glucosiduronic acid, was extracted to the extent of 43%. The presence of a small amount of chloride, acetate, or sulphate ion in the aqueous phase inhibited extraction, but making the aqueous phase 4.0m with ammonium sulphate promoted extraction strongly. An increase in the concentration of ion-exchanger in the organic phase also promoted extraction. The amount of cortisone 21-glucosiduronic acid extracted by tetraheptylammonium chloride over the pH range of 3.9 to 10.7 was essentially constant. Chloroform solutions of a tertiary, a secondary, or a primary amine hydrochloride also will extract cortisone 21-glucosiduronic acid from water. The various liquid ion exchangers will extract steroidal glucosiduronic acid methyl esters from water into chloroform, although less completely than the corresponding free acids. The extraction of the glucosiduronic acids from water by tetraheptylammonium chloride occurs by an ion-exchange process; extraction of the esters does not involve ion exchange.

scholarly journals Experimental study of phase entrainment in copper solvent extraction

DYNA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (213) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Patricio Navarro Donoso ◽  
Cristian Vargas Riquelme ◽  
Jonathan Castillo ◽  
Rossana Sepúlveda
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Copper Solvent Extraction ◽  
Displacement Speed

The entrainment of the organic phase in the aqueous applied to typical solutions in a solvent extraction of copper process was studied. The organic phase used is composed of the commercial extractant LIX 984-N diluted in Shellsol 2046 AR. The aqueous phase contains 6 g/L of Cu2+, at pH 2  and 20 ºC. The variables studied were: mixing speed of 400 to 1000 rpm; mixing time of 3 to 30 minutes; initial pH of the electrolyte 2, 3, and 4; percentage of extractant in the organic phase 10 to 30% v/v; and copper concentration in the aqueous phase 1 to 6 g/L. It was determined that the entrainment of the organic phase in the aqueous is determined by the physical properties of the phases in equilibrium and by the system’s hydrodynamics, and it is a phenomenon that involves the advancing speed of the interphase (or dispersion band) and the displacement speed of the organic drops.

Two-phase oxidation of toluene derivatives by dioxygen using the 3-cyano-1-decylquinolinium ion as a photocatalyst

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (47) ◽  
pp. 41011-41014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Ohkubo ◽  
Kensaku Hirose ◽  
Shunichi Fukuzumi
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Photocatalytic Oxidation ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Phase Oxidation ◽  
Oxygenated Products

The two-phase photocatalytic oxidation of toluene by O2 occurred efficiently using the 3-cyano-1-decylquinolinium ion in toluene with H2O to produce the oxygenated products in the organic phase and H2O2 in the aqueous phase.

An Emulsion Polymerization Process for Soluble and Electrically Conductive Polyaniline

1997 ◽  
Vol 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Kinlen ◽  
Y. Ding ◽  
C. R. Graham ◽  
J. Liu ◽  
E. E. Remsen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Direct Synthesis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase

AbstractA new emulsion process has been developed for the direct synthesis of the emeraldine salt of polyaniline (PANI) that is soluble in organic solvents. The process entails forming an emulsion composed of water, a water soluble organic solvent (e.g., 2-butoxyethanol), a water insoluble organic acid (e.g., dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid) and aniline. Aniline is protonated by the organic acid to form a salt which partitions into the organic phase. As oxidant (ammonium peroxydisulfate) is added, PANI salt forms in the organic phase and remains soluble. As the reaction proceeds, the reaction mixture changes from an emulsion to a two phase system, the soluble PANI remaining in the organic phase. With dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid (DNNSA) as the organic acid, the resulting product is truly soluble in organic solvents such as xylene and toluene(not a dispersion), of high molecular weight (Mw >22,000), film forming and miscible with many polymers such as polyurethanes, epoxies and phenoxy resins. As cast, the polyaniline film is only moderately conductive, (10−5 S/cm), however treatment of the film with surfactants such as benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEAC) or low molecular weight alcohols and ketones such as methanol and acetone increases the conductivity 2–3 orders of magnitude.

Enzyme Chemistry in Carbon Dioxide

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Rodney ◽  
Alan J. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Enzyme Stability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Good Choice ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Catalytically Active ◽  
Organic Solutions

Enzymes are biocatalysts constructed of a folded chain of amino acids. They may be used under mild conditions for specific and selective reactions. While many enzymes have been found to be catalytically active in both aqueous and organic solutions, it was not until quite recently that enzymes were used to catalyze reactions in carbon dioxide when Randolph et al. (1985) performed the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of disodium p-nitrophenol using alkaline phosphatase and Hammond et al. (1985) used polyphenol oxidase to catalyze the oxidation of p-cresol and p-chlorophenol. Since that time, more than 80 papers have been published concerning reactions in this medium. Enzymes can be 10–15 times more active in carbon dioxide than in organic solvents (Mori and Okahata, 1998). Reactions include hydrolysis, esterification, transesterification, and oxidation. Reactor configurations for these reactions were batch, semibatch, and continuous. There are many factors that influence the outcome of enzymatic reactions in carbon dioxide. These include enzyme activity, enzyme stability, temperature, pH, pressure, diffusional limitations of a two-phase heterogeneous mixture, solubility of enzyme and/or substrates, water content of the reaction system, and flow rate of carbon dioxide (continuous and semibatch reactions). It is important to understand the aspects that control and limit biocatalysis in carbon dioxide if one wants to improve upon the process. This chapter serves as a brief introduction to enzyme chemistry in carbon dioxide. The advantages and disadvantages of running reactions in this medium, as well as the factors that influence reactions, are all presented. Many of the reactions studied in this area are summarized in a manner that is easy to read and referenced in Table 6.1. Carbon dioxide is cited as a good choice of solvents for a number of reasons. Some of the advantages of running reactions in carbon dioxide instead of the more traditional organic solvents include the low viscosity of the solvent, the convenient recovery of the products and non-reacted components, abundant availability, low cost, no solvent contamination of products, full miscibility with other gases, non-existent toxicity, low surface tension, non-flammability, and recyclability. The low mass-transfer limitations are an advantage because of the large diffusivity of reactants.

Calix[4]arene-crown-5 as a selective extraction reagents for K+/H+, Rb+/H+ and Rb+/Cs+ separations

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Vaňura ◽  
Emanuel Makrlík ◽  
Pavel Selucký
Keyword(s):  
Stability Constants ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Nitrobenzene Solution ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Extraction Constants ◽  
Exchange Extraction ◽  
Phase Water ◽  
The Stability

Abstract From extraction experiments, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibriums M+ (aq) + NaL+ (org) ⇔ ML+ (org) + Na+ (aq) or M+ (aq) + CsL+ (org) ⇔ ML+ (org) + Cs+ (aq), which take place in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene extraction system (M+ = Li+, H3O+, Ag+, K+, NH4 +, Tl+, Rb+; L = calix[4]arene-bis crown5(1,3-alternate), 26,28-dipropoxycalix[4]arene-crown-5(1,3-alternate), 11,23-dibromo-25,28-dipropoxycalix[4]arene-crown-5 (1,3-alternate) and 1,3-alternate-25,27-dihydroxycalix[4]arene-crown-5; aq = aqueous phase, org = organic phase), were evaluated. The stability constants of the NaL+ and CsL+ complexes were calculated from the extraction of the respective picrates in the system of water–nitrobenzene solution of L. Further, the stability constants of the ML+ complexes in nitrobenzene saturated with water were determined. High selectivities were found in some systems under study.

Investigation of Imidazol(in)ium-dithiocarboxylates as Sensors for the Detection of Mercury(II) and Silver(I) Ions

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 596-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagny Dagmara Konieczna ◽  
Amelié Blanrue ◽  
René Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Mercury Ions ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Naked Eye

Two imidazol(in)ium-dithiocarboxylates have been investigated as sensors for the detection of mercury ions and silver ions. They could be applied as colorimetric chemosensors for the detection of Hg2+ and Ag+. Furthermore, an additional sensory input was found by a colorimetric change of a two-phase system from the organic phase into the aqueous phase. Due to different colors at different ratios of the betaines and Hg2+ it is possible to estimate the concentration of Hg2+ with the ”naked eye”.

Imidazole Promoted Efficient Anomerization of β-D-Glucose Pentaacetate in Organic Solutions and Solid State

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meifeng Wang ◽  
Liyin Zhang ◽  
Yiqun Li ◽  
Liuqun Gu
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Materials Design ◽  
The Future ◽  
Organic Solutions ◽  
Glucose Pentaacetate

<p></p>Anomerization of glycosides were rarely performed under basic condition due to lack of efficiency. Here an imidazole promoted anomerization of β-D-glucose pentaacetate was developed; and reaction could proceed in both organic solvents and solid state at room temperature. Although mechanism is not yet clear, this unprecedent mild anomerization in solid state may open a new promising way for stereoseletive anomerization of broad glucosides and materials design in the future..

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