scholarly journals Extraction of steroidal glucosiduronic acids from aqueous solutions by anionic liquid ion-exchangers

1972 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
V R Mattox ◽  
R. D. Litwiller ◽  
J E Goodrich
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Amine Hydrochloride ◽  
Ion Exchangers ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Organic Solutions

A pilot study on the extraction of three steroidal glucosiduronic acids from water into organic solutions of liquid ion-exchangers is reported. A single extraction of a 0.5mm aqueous solution of either 11-deoxycorticosterone 21-glucosiduronic acid or cortisone 21-glucosiduronic acid with 0.1m-tetraheptylammonium chloride in chloroform took more than 99% of the conjugate into the organic phase; under the same conditions, the very polar conjugate, β-cortol 3-glucosiduronic acid, was extracted to the extent of 43%. The presence of a small amount of chloride, acetate, or sulphate ion in the aqueous phase inhibited extraction, but making the aqueous phase 4.0m with ammonium sulphate promoted extraction strongly. An increase in the concentration of ion-exchanger in the organic phase also promoted extraction. The amount of cortisone 21-glucosiduronic acid extracted by tetraheptylammonium chloride over the pH range of 3.9 to 10.7 was essentially constant. Chloroform solutions of a tertiary, a secondary, or a primary amine hydrochloride also will extract cortisone 21-glucosiduronic acid from water. The various liquid ion exchangers will extract steroidal glucosiduronic acid methyl esters from water into chloroform, although less completely than the corresponding free acids. The extraction of the glucosiduronic acids from water by tetraheptylammonium chloride occurs by an ion-exchange process; extraction of the esters does not involve ion exchange.

scholarly journals Recovery of steroidal glucosiduronic acids from organic solvents containing anionic liquid ion-exchangers

1972 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon R. Mattox ◽  
Robert D. Litwiller ◽  
June E. Goodrich
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Primary Amines ◽  
Ion Exchangers ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Organic Solutions ◽  
Solubilizing Effect

Solutions of anionic liquid ion-exchangers in organic solvents are potentially useful for extracting steroidal glucosiduronic acids from biological fluids and for purifying mixtures of these acids by chromatography. If a glucosiduronic acid is to be isolated in pure form after either of these procedures, it is necessary to separate it from the ion-exchanger. Separation from an organic solution of tetraheptylammonium chloride may be accomplished by extraction with water under the following conditions, which promote transfer of a glucosiduronate to the aqueous phase: (1) an appropriate solvent (diluent) as the organic phase, (2) the presence in the two-phase mixture of an anion such as myristate or dodecyl sulphate to combine with the tetraheptylammonium ion, and (3) an increase of the pH of the aqueous phase in association with the presence of myristate or dodecyl sulphate. The foregoing factors apply also to removal of glucosiduronates from organic solutions of ion exchangers that are hydrochlorides of tertiary, secondary, or primary amines. Since these amines exert progressively less solubilizing effect for glucosiduronates as the pH of the aqueous phase is increased, the conjugates can be released from the organic phase by adjusting the pH to 10 and omitting the myristate or dodecyl sulphate.

Removal of Toxic Dyestuffs from Aqueous Solution by Amphoteric Bioadsorbent

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reda M. El-Shishtawy ◽  
Abdullah M. Asiri ◽  
Nahed S. E. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Dye Removal ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Cationic Dyes ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Equilibrium Isotherm ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Dyes And Pigments

Background: Color effluents generated from the production industry of dyes and pigments and their use in different applications such as textile, paper, leather tanning, and food industries, are high in color and contaminants that damage the aquatic life. It is estimated that about 105 of various commercial dyes and pigments amounted to 7×105 tons are produced annually worldwide. Ultimately, about 10–15% is wasted into the effluents of the textile industry. Chitin is abundant in nature, and it is a linear biopolymer containing acetamido and hydroxyl groups amenable to render it atmospheric by introducing amino and carboxyl groups, hence able to remove different classes of toxic organic dyes from colored effluents. Methods: Chitin was chemically modified to render it amphoteric via the introduction of carboxyl and amino groups. The amphoteric chitin has been fully characterized by FTIR, TGA-DTG, elemental analysis, SEM, and point of zero charge. Adsorption optimization for both anionic and cationic dyes was made by batch adsorption method, and the conditions obtained were used for studying the kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption. Results: The results of dye removal proved that the adsorbent was proven effective in removing both anionic and cationic dyes (Acid Red 1 and methylene blue (MB)), at their respective optimum pHs (2 for acid and 8 for cationic dye). The equilibrium isotherm at room temperature fitted the Freundlich model for MB, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 98.2 mg/g using 50 mg/l of MB, whereas the equilibrium isotherm fitted the Freundlich and Langmuir model for AR1 and the maximum adsorption capacity was 128.2 mg/g. Kinetic results indicate that the adsorption is a two-step diffusion process for both dyes as indicated by the values of the initial adsorption factor (Ri) and follows the pseudo-second-order kinetics. Also, thermodynamic calculations suggest that the adsorption of AR1 on the amphoteric chitin is an endothermic process from 294 to 303 K. The result indicated that the mechanism of adsorption is chemisorption via an ion-exchange process. Also, recycling of the adsorbent was easy, and its reuse for dye removal was effective. Conclusion: New amphoteric chitin has been successfully synthesized and characterized. This resin material, which contains amino and carboxyl groups, is novel as such chemical modification of chitin hasn’t been reported. The amphoteric chitin has proven effective in decolorizing aqueous solution from anionic and cationic dyes. The adsorption behavior of amphoteric chitin is believed to follow chemical adsorption with an ion-exchange process. The recycling process for few cycles indicated that the loaded adsorbent could be regenerated by simple treatment and retested for removing anionic and cationic dyes without any loss in the adsorbability. Therefore, the study introduces a new and easy approach for the development of amphoteric adsorbent for application in the removal of different dyes from aqueous solutions.

Chromate ion-exchange process at alkaline pH

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1177-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arup K. Sengupta ◽  
Dennis Clifford ◽  
Suresh Subramonian
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Chromate Ion

The Application of ß“-Alumina As A Solid State Laser Host

1985 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Barrie ◽  
D. L. Yang ◽  
B. Dunn ◽  
O. M. Stafsudd
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Laser Action ◽  
Solid State Laser ◽  
Host Crystal ◽  
State Laser ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Single Host

AbstractIon exchanged ß“-aluminas display a number of interesting optical properties which suggest that the material is well suited for application as a solid state laser host. Small platelets of Nd3+ Ion exchanged β“-alumina exhibit laser action with gain coefficients many times greater than YAG. The versatility of the ion exchange process enables one to form a wide variety of compounds with different active ions and concentrations, thereby allowing the study of many different effects within a single host crystal.

Removal of Se(VI) from Raw Water by Ion Exchange Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 430-432 ◽  
pp. 941-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Sheng Shi ◽  
Yu Zhen Shi ◽  
Lin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Selenium Concentration ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Strong Base ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Efficiency Cost ◽  
Easy Operation

Studies have been carried out on removal of Se(Ⅵ) from raw water by ion exchange process. The experiment results indicate that employment of strong-base anion exchange resin of 201×7 can receive a desirable result for Se removal. It is particularly true that the removal rate of Se(Ⅵ) can achieve more than 96% when the Se(Ⅵ) concentration in raw water is 100μg/L. This allows selenium concentration of the supply water in full conformity to the quality standard currently available for drinking water. Ion exchange process for Se removal has been proved to be competent for its efficiency, cost effectiveness and easy operation.

Detecting 137Cs Breakthrough in an Ion Exchange Process

1998 ◽  
pp. 427-433
Author(s):  
R. L. Brodzinski ◽  
W. K. Hensley ◽  
E. A. Lepel ◽  
M. R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Ion Exchange Process
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