Age-associated inflammation alters the aging trajectory

AbstractNon-specific innate and antigen-specific adaptive immunological memories are vital evolutionary adaptations that confer long-lasting protection against a wide range of pathogens. Adaptive memory is established by memory T and B lymphocytes following the recognition of an antigen. On the other hand, innate immune memory, also called trained immunity, is imprinted in innate cells such as macrophages and natural killer cells through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. However, these mechanisms of memory generation and maintenance are compromised as organisms age. Almost all immune cell types, both mature cells and their progenitors, go through age-related changes concerning numbers and functions. The aging immune system renders the elderly highly susceptible to infections and incapable of mounting a proper immune response upon vaccinations. Besides the increased infectious burden, older individuals also have heightened risks of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, which have an immunological component. This review discusses how immune function, particularly the establishment and maintenance of innate and adaptive immunological memory, regulates and is regulated by epigenetics, metabolic processes, gut microbiota, and the central nervous system throughout life, with a focus on old age. We explain in-depth how epigenetics and cellular metabolism impact immune cell function and contribute or resist the aging process. Microbiota is intimately linked with the immune system of the human host, and therefore, plays an important role in immunological memory during both homeostasis and aging. The brain, which is not an immune-isolated organ despite former opinion, interacts with the peripheral immune cells, and the aging of both systems influences the health of each other. With all these in mind, we aimed to present a comprehensive view of the aging immune system and its consequences, especially in terms of immunological memory. The review also details the mechanisms of promising anti-aging interventions and highlights a few, namely, caloric restriction, physical exercise, metformin, and resveratrol, that impact multiple facets of the aging process, including the regulation of innate and adaptive immune memory. We propose that understanding aging as a complex phenomenon, with the immune system at the center role interacting with all the other tissues and systems, would allow for more effective anti-aging strategies.

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Applied Anthropology in 1860

Human Organization ◽

10.17730/humo.1.3.u804t80u7835ln11 ◽

1942 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 19-32

Author(s):

H. Barnett

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Church And State ◽

Applied Anthropology ◽

The Other ◽

Public And Private ◽

Other Hand ◽

The Subject ◽

Long Life

Much has been written of William Duncan, "the Apostle of Alaska", who came to the coast of northern British Columbia in 1857 as a missionary to the Tsimshian Indians. Although he deplored it, in the course of his sixty years' residence in this area controversy raged around him as a result of his clashes with church and state, and his work has been the subject of numerous investigations, both public and private. His enemies have called him a tyrant and a ruthless exploiter of the Indians under his control; and there are men still living who find a disproportionate amount of evil in the good that he did, especially during the declining years of his long life. On the other hand, he has had ardent and articulate supporters who have written numerous articles and no less than three books in praise of his self-sacrificing ideals and the soundness of his program for civilizing the Indian.

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Albert Schweitzer and the Jews

Harvard Theological Review ◽

10.1017/s0017816014000327 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 107 (3) ◽

pp. 363-398

Author(s):

James Carleton Paget

Keyword(s):

Jewish Community ◽

Academic Career ◽

Significant Degree ◽

The Other ◽

Personal Contact ◽

Christian Communities ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Long Life ◽

The One

Albert Schweitzer's engagement with Judaism, and with the Jewish community more generally, has never been the subject of substantive discussion. On the one hand this is not surprising—Schweitzer wrote little about Judaism or the Jews during his long life, or at least very little that was devoted principally to those subjects. On the other hand, the lack of a study might be thought odd—Schweitzer's work as a New Testament scholar in particular is taken up to a significant degree with presenting a picture of Jesus, of the earliest Christian communities, and of Paul, and his scholarship emphasizes the need to see these topics against the background of a specific set of Jewish assumptions. It is also noteworthy because Schweitzer married a baptized Jew, whose father's academic career had been disadvantaged because he was a Jew. Moreover, Schweitzer lived at a catastrophic time in the history of the Jews, a time that directly affected his wife's family and others known to him. The extent to which this personal contact with Jews and with Judaism influenced Schweitzer either in his writings on Judaism or in his life will in part be the subject of this article.

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The work market awake for aged people

Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia ◽

10.5585/ijsm.v2i1.25 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 43-50

Author(s):

Ana Maya Goto Uyehara

Keyword(s):

Old Age ◽

Aging Process ◽

Point Of View ◽

Professional Life ◽

The Other ◽

Job Market ◽

Aged People ◽

Current Concerns ◽

Life Projects

At the end of XX century, the old age theme has been approached due to concern of the society with the quality of man’s life in the aging process and the fact of seniors correspond to a growing representative portion of the population in the quantitative point of view. So the aging changes in a problem that wins expressiveness and legitimacy in the field of the daily current concerns. This article intends to demonstrate that the work can articulate other life projects for the seniors and to avoid psychic pathologies in the old age that can appear due to the loss of personal identity, to the involvement lack in motivated activities or starting from the adoption of inadequate consumption ways or lifestyles. For this, this article assumes a line of preventive character explanation under two slopes: the first refers to the fact that, if the work ennobles the man, he must acquire or improve this individual competences, adapting them to the new demands of the job market to get a job, or even to reactivate his professional life because new life projects. The second slope follows the direction of the discovery of the seniors’ potentialities for the companies, which can adapt the qualities [and limitations] of this workers category to the various functions in the organization. The Brazilian entrepreneur needs to be attentive to the image of his company and the differential competitive that can distinguish it of the other companies. And this can be to employee senior people or to maintenance it in the company personnel staff.

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POLA PENDIDIKAN BERBASIS TAREQAT QADIRIYAH WAN NAQSABANDIYAH DI PONDOK PESANTREN ASSALAFI AL-FITRAH SURABAYA

Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam (Journal of Islamic Education Studies) ◽

10.15642/jpai.2017.5.1.138-160 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 138

Author(s):

Moh. Taufiq

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Research ◽

Teaching Methods ◽

Analysis Data ◽

The Other ◽

Depth Interview ◽

Question And Answer ◽

Long Life ◽

And Training ◽

Bahasa Indonesia

Bahasa Indonesia:Penelitian kualitatif ini dilakukan di Pondok Pesantren As>salafi Al-Fit}ra>h Surabaya. Pengumpulan datanya dilakukan dengan metode observasi, wawancara mendalam dan analisis dokumentasi. Kemudian data dianalisa menggunakan teknik analisa induktif berdasarkan tipologi data dan konsep sebelum melakukan interpretasi. Pendidikan berbasis T}areqat Qa>diriyah wa>n Naqsyaba>ndiyah adalah bimbingan, pengajaran dan pelatihan yang dilakukan oleh murs}hid, guru, T}areqat Qa>diriyah wa>n Naqsyaba>ndiyah terhadap murid yang berlangsung sepanjang hayat untuk mensucikan jiwa, menjernihkan hati dengan mendekatkan diri kepada Allah SWT. Murid adalah seseorang yang masuk T}areqat Qa>diriyah wa>n Naqsyaba>ndiyah dan telah berbaiat kepada guru/ murs}hid. Adapun tujuannya adalah pendekatan diri kepada Allah (taqarru>b ila> Alla>h), pembersihan hati (tasfiyah al-qalb) dan penyucian jiwa (tazkiyat al-Nafs). Materi ajarannya meliputi empat ajaran pokok yaitu; 1) Kesempurnaan suluk, 2) Akhlaq Murid, 3) Dhikir,dan 4) Mura>qa>bah. Dan metode yang digunakan adalah ceramah, tanya jawab, demonstrasi, penugasan, mujahadah, tajribah, dan khalwat/ ’uzlah. Terdapat tiga pola pengajaran yang disampaikan di ponpes ini, pertama yaitu pendidikan, kedua risalah dan yang ketiga kewad}ifahan. Pendidikan yang diberikan di pondok pesantren ini merupakan kolaborasi ilmu kitab kuning dengan pengetahuan umum. Adapun hal-hal yang lainnya sama dengan pendidikan berbasis T}areqat Qa>diriyah wa>n Naqsyaba>ndiyah pada umumnya. English:This qualitative research was conducted at Pondok Pesantren As>salafi Al-Fit}ra>h Surabaya. Data was collected by observation, in-depth interview, and documentation analysis. Data was analyzed inductively based upon its typology of data and concepts before interpreted. The education based upon T}areqat Qa>diriyah wa>n Naqsyaba>ndiyah is a long-life guidance, learning, and training under a murs}hid of T}areqat Qa>diriyah wa>n Naqsyaba>ndiyah in purpose of purifying soul and cleansing heart along with bringing the soul closer to Allah SWT. Disciple in the T}areqat Qa>diriyah wa>n Naqsyaba>ndiyah has taken an oath to the teacher / murs}hid. The purpose of his training are taking closer to Allah (taqarru>b ila> Alla>h), cleansing the heart (tasfiyah al-qalb) and purifying soul (tazkiyat al-Nafs). The etaching materials involves four main teachings, such as 1) the perfection of suluk, 2) disciples’ practices of virtue, 3) remembering the Almighty, and 4) Mura>qa>bah. Teaching methods include lecturing, question and answer, demosntration, tasking, , mujahadah, tajribah, and khalwat/ ’uzlah. There are three types of learning in this pesantren, such as education, risalah (messaging), and kewad}ifahan. The education in this pesantren is a collaboration between the yellow scipture learning and secular science. The other aspects of education are the same as that of in pesantren with T}areqat Qa>diriyah wa>n Naqsyaba>ndiyah style.

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Pathogenesis, Pathology and Genetics of Osteoarthritis

10.5772/intechopen.99238 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ferhat Ege

Keyword(s):

Aging Process ◽

Symptomatic Relief ◽

Natural Aging ◽

The Other ◽

Joint Tissue ◽

Proinflammatory Mediators ◽

High Prevalence ◽

New Treatments ◽

Biomechanical Factors ◽

Shed Light

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition with high prevalence worldwide. OA affects not only the articular cartilage, but the entire joint, including the subchondral bone, ligaments, capsule, synovial membrane and the periarticular muscles. Despite the fact that the risks associated with OA increase with age, it is not a part of the natural aging process. It typically involves the knee, hip, spine, hand and foot joints. Several factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of OA, including biomechanical factors, proinflammatory mediators and proteases. On the other hand, it was mostly the results of the studies conducted on the genetic, genomic and epigenetic aspects of OA, from among many of its underlying etiological factors, which shed light on the molecular processes involved in the etiopathogenesis of OA. As the mechanisms that cause joint tissue damage in OA come to light, the treatment of OA will go beyond just providing symptomatic relief. Consequentially, new treatments will emerge that will either slow or completely stop the progression of OA.

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Cannabis, the Endocannabinoid System and Immunity—the Journey from the Bedside to the Bench and Back

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21124448 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (12) ◽

pp. 4448 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Osnat Almogi-Hazan ◽

Reuven Or

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Nervous System ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Surveillance ◽

Endocannabinoid System ◽

The Other ◽

Clinical Use ◽

Medical Cannabis ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Regulatory Properties

The Cannabis plant contains numerous components, including cannabinoids and other active molecules. The phyto-cannabinoid activity is mediated by the endocannabinoid system. Cannabinoids affect the nervous system and play significant roles in the regulation of the immune system. While Cannabis is not yet registered as a drug, the potential of cannabinoid-based medicines for the treatment of various conditions has led many countries to authorize their clinical use. However, the data from basic and medical research dedicated to medical Cannabis is currently limited. A variety of pathological conditions involve dysregulation of the immune system. For example, in cancer, immune surveillance and cancer immuno-editing result in immune tolerance. On the other hand, in autoimmune diseases increased immune activity causes tissue damage. Immuno-modulating therapies can regulate the immune system and therefore the immune-regulatory properties of cannabinoids, suggest their use in the therapy of immune related disorders. In this contemporary review, we discuss the roles of the endocannabinoid system in immunity and explore the emerging data about the effects of cannabinoids on the immune response in different pathologies. In addition, we discuss the complexities of using cannabinoid-based treatments in each of these conditions.

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“Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man. V. On the Correlation between Duration of Life and the Number of Offspring”

Journal of the Institute of Actuaries ◽

10.1017/s0020268100007150 ◽

1901 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 458-479

Author(s):

M. Beeton ◽

G. U. Yule ◽

Karl Pearson

Keyword(s):

Natural Selection ◽

Breeding Season ◽

The Other ◽

Similar Statement ◽

Men And Women ◽

Darwinian Theory ◽

Theory Of Evolution ◽

Biennial Plants ◽

Long Life ◽

Breeding Seasons

According to the Darwinian theory of evolution the members of a community less fitted to their environment are removed by death. But this process of natural selection would not permanently modify a race, if the members thus removed were able before death to propagate their species in average numbers. It then becomes an important question to ascertain how far duration of life is related to fertility. In the case of many insects death can interfere only with their single chance of offspring; they live or not for their one breeding season only. A similar statement holds good with regard to annual and biennial plants. In such cases there might still be a correlation between duration of life and fertility, but it would be of the indirect character, which we actually find in the case of men and women living beyond sixty years of age—a long life means better physique and better physique increased fertility. On the other hand, there is a direct correlation of fertility and duration of life in the case of those animals which generally survive a number of breeding seasons, and it is this correlation which we had at first in view when investigating the influence of duration of life on fertility in man. The discovery of the indirect factor in the correlation referred to above was therefore a point of much interest. For it seems to show that the physique fittest to survive is really the physique which is in itself (and independently of the duration of life) most fecund.

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Scanning Electron Microscopy of Rubber Tear

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3535182 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 50 (5) ◽

pp. 875-883 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

W. D. Bascom

Keyword(s):

Deformation Zone ◽

Aging Process ◽

Simple Technique ◽

Chain Scission ◽

Surface Forces ◽

The Other ◽

Qualitative Information ◽

Carbon Filler ◽

The Matrix ◽

Initial Appearance

Abstract A relatively simple technique has been described which allows observation of the deformation zone at tear tips in rubber specimens. Investigation of various rubbers revealed qualitative information about the type of yielding that occurs in the deformation zone under different conditions. The initial appearance of the tear tip in nitrile, polybutadiene (both with and without carbon filler), and natural rubber suggests a process of stretching followed by rupture and then relaxation onto the tear walls. Only in the case of a fluoro-elastomer was there evidence of cavitation, although microcavitation (of sizes ≪1 µm) may be occurring in the other rubbers at much higher magnification. On the other hand, aging in laboratory air had the dramatic effect of producing fibrous and nodular networks in the tear tip material of all the rubbers except the fluoroelastomer. In the first few hours, the network structure developed as cavities (Figure 9), but after 24 h the network was fully developed across the tear. The aging process is very likely an ozone attack not only on the rubber under stress at the tear tip, but also on the rubber on the tear wall. It is quite possible that there were residual stresses in the material on the wall which facilitated attack. Chain scission appeared to be allowing the rubber to relax by viscous flow under the action of surface forces. These results point up the need to distinguish between failure controlled by pure stress and failure assisted by oxidation/ozonolysis in studies of slow tear growth in rubbers. The SEM technique also provides information about fillers. Their elemental composition can be determined by XES, and some qualitative information can be gained about their adhesion to the matrix and their effect on tear tip yielding.

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Cytokines and Antitumor Immunity

Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment ◽

10.1177/153303460300200302 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 183-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ludmila Müller ◽

Graham Pawelec

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Antitumor Immunity ◽

Essential Role ◽

The Other ◽

Current Status ◽

Immune Selection ◽

Danger Signals ◽

Cytokine Milieu ◽

Successful Immunotherapy

Currently, the notion of immunosurveillance against tumors is enjoying something of a renaissance. Even if we still refuse to accept that tumors arising in the normal host are unable to trigger an immune response because of the lack of initiation (“danger”) signals, there is no doubt that the immune system can be manipulated experimentally and by implication therapeutically to exert anti-tumor effects. For this activity to be successful, the appropriate cytokine milieu has to be provided, making cytokine manipulation central to immunotherapy. On the other hand, the major hurdle currently preventing successful immunotherapy is the ability of tumors to evolve resistant variants under the pressure of immune selection. Here, too, the cytokine milieu plays an essential role. The purpose of this brief review is to consider the current status of the application of cytokines in facilitating antitumor immunity, as well their role in inhibiting responses to tumors. Clearly, encouraging the former but preventing the latter will be the key to the effective clinical application of cancer immunotherapy.

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