The latent energy in cold-worked iron and copper as estimated by determination of heats of solution

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 450 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. France
1910 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore William Richards ◽  
Laurie Lorne Burgess
Keyword(s):  

1999 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Schmidt ◽  
C. Hennig ◽  
H. Oppermann

The phase relations in the ternary system Bi/Te/O have been determined in previous studies by solid state reactions. Thermodynamical data have now been obtained for the pertinent equilibria. The heats of solution of Bi2O3, Bi12TeO20, Bi10Te2O19, Bi16Te5O34, Bi2TeO5, Bi2Te2O7, Bi2Te4O11 and TeCl4 were determined in 4N HCl. From these the enthalpies of formation of bismuth tellurites at 298 K have been derived:⊿H°b (Bi12TeO20, f, 298) = -901,6 ± 8 kcal/mol,⊿H°b (Bi10Te2O19, f, 298) = -856,1 ± 9 kcal/mol,⊿H°b (Bi16Te5O34, f, 298) = -1519,5 ± 17 kcal/mol,⊿H°b (Bi2TeO5, f, 298)= -222,8 ± 3 kcal/mol,⊿H°b (Bi2Te2O7, f, 298)= -299,4 ± 4 kcal/mol,⊿H°b (Bi2Te4O11, f, 298)= -448,2 ± 7 kcal/mol.


1978 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 627-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M.Seyed Reihani ◽  
C Esnouf ◽  
G Fantozzi

1964 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Selimkhanov

The majority of scientists hold the opinion that mankind first knew metal in the form of native copper. In particular, at this period the malleability of native copper was realized, and its brittleness when cold worked, as well as the need of annealing to cold forge the necessary tools. The melting of copper was discovered later when native copper was met with in association with ores.These opinions are shared by H. H. Coghlan and H. Otto and W. Witter, though the first mentioned also pointed out that in some regions artifacts made from copper alloys existed in early periods while artifacts made of pure copper might be met with in the latest periods.V. I. Vernadski also had some doubt about the unconditional validity of this theory. However, he did not deny that where native copper was distributed it was the first metal replacing (although only partly) stone and bone for making tools. In certain cases such an assertion has been supported by old and unreliable analyses of ancient artifacts, as well as by some mistakes in the determination of their age.


1998 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1343-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Oppermann ◽  
M. Zhang ◽  
C. Hennig

The thermodynamical data of solid and gaseous aluminium neodymium chloride have been obtained by determination of the decomposition equilibria (of solid) from total pressure measurements and chemical transport reactions (gaseous). The melting diagram was determined by DTA. The enthalpy of formation of the solid phase was calculated from their heats of solution and from the enthalpies of formation and the heats of solution of NdCl3 and AlCl3. Data by total pressure measurement: ΔH°B |(NdAl3Cl12,f,298) = -749,6 ± 2,5 kcal/mol; S°(NdAl3Cl12,f,298) = 118,2 ± 3,0 cal/K·mol. Data by solution calorimetry: ΔH°B(NdAl3Cl12,f,298) = -748,6 ± 1,3 kcal/mol. Data by chemical transport:ΔH°B(NdAl3Cl12,g,298) = -701,5 ± 3,0 kcal/mol; S°(NdAl3Cl12,g,298) = 215,0 ± 4,0 cal/K-mol.


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