Some physical properties of mixtures of certain organic liquids

1933 ◽  
Vol 29 (140) ◽  
pp. 1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violet Corona Gwynne Trew ◽  
Gertrude Margaret Clare Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Organic Liquids

Coatings from Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury Chernyak ◽  
Florence Henon
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Liquid Density ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Interfacial Tensions ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

This chapter describes several aspects of the use of carbon dioxide as a solvent or cosolvent in coating applications. The primary impetus for using carbon dioxide for this purpose has been the alleviation of volatile emissions and liquid solvent wastes. However, the special physical properties of liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide may offer some processing advantages over conventional organic or aqueous solvents. Liquid carbon dioxide is quite compressible, and a reduction in temperature results not only in a reduction in the operating pressure, but also in a significant increase in the liquid density to values of approximately 0.9 g/cm3. At these high liquid densities, carbon dioxide exhibits improved solvent performance, but with much lower viscosities and interfacial tensions than aqueous or organic liquid solvents. Under supercritical conditions, carbon dioxide also exhibits high densities, low viscosities, and improved solvent power. Low viscosities and interfacial tensions tend to facilitate the transport of the solvents into any crevices or imperfections on the surface to be covered, and this might prove advantageous in the coating of patterned or etched surfaces. Since carbon dioxide dissolves and diffuses easily into many different polymers and organic liquids, it can also be used to reduce the viscosity of coating solutions. Whether in the liquid or the supercritical state, the temperature and pressure of the mixture can be used to control its physical properties in ways that are impossible to achieve with traditional solvents. These distinguishing features have raised the level of industrial interest in carbon dioxide as a solvent for coating applications, beyond those based solely on environmental concerns. In this chapter, we will discuss current applications and research on the use of CO2 as a solvent for coatings. The first section deals with spray coating from supercritical CO2. Subsequent sections deal with the use of liquid coatings, such as spin and free meniscus coatings, and impregnation coatings. Since the start of the 20th century (ca. 1907), atomization has been the basis for conventional spray coating applications (Muirhead, 1974). Typically, atomization is caused by high shear of the coating fluid in air, leading to droplet or particle formation.

Oil-Resisting Rubber. Part XII. Vulcanized Rubbers Containing Organic Accelerators

1939 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 842-844
Author(s):  
J. R. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Vast Amount ◽  
Rubber Part

Abstract In spite of the vast amount of work which has been devoted to organic accelerators and their influence on the physical properties of the vulcanizate, very little information can be found in the literature concerning their influence on the swelling of the vulcanizate in organic liquids. The present experiments were not intended to form a systematic investigation of the influence of organic accelerators on the swelling properties of the vulcanizate, but rather to obtain a general idea of the swelling of rubbers containing the commoner types of commercial accelerators and to find out to what extent swelling could be correlated with the mechanical properties and combined sulfur content of the vulcanizate.

scholarly journals An investigation into the development of a portable, ultrasonic, density measuring instrument

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nigel Douglas Hulse
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Ultrasonic Transducer ◽  
Characteristic Impedance ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Probe Design ◽  
Measuring Instrument ◽  
Mineral Slurry

In the gold mining industry, one of the significant physical properties of the mineral slurry is its density and it is important to be able to measure this parameter in most processes. There are many techniques for determining the density of fluids, but because of the hostile, abrasive nature of mineral slurry, very few of these are suitable, This dissertation describes the deveiopment, construction and testing of a portable, ultrasonic, density measuring instrument. The instrument uses an ultrasonic transducer as the primary measuring element, and system operation is based on the fact that the driving impedance of the transducer varies with changes in the physical properties, and hence the characteristic impedance, of the surrounding medium into which the ultrasonic energy is being transferred. The technique may a-Lao be used to measure the relative concentrations of two liquids in a mixture or emulsion, provided that the characteristic impedances of the liquids are sufficiently dissimilar. The electronic circuitry is fairly straightforward, consisting essentially of an oscillator, driving circuit for the transducer and a voltage monitor to provide a d.c. voltage proportional to the impedance of the transducer, and hence to the density of the surrounding medium. Most of the research has been concentrated on the probe design, as the type of transducer, the type and thickness of facing material and the method of construction all contribute to the sensitivity of the instrument. A design of probe assembly has been developed that may be used for both slurry density measurement and the measurement of the ratio of aqueous to organic liquids in emulsion.

The Reënforcement of Rubber

1932 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-294
Author(s):  
G. Antonoff
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Present State ◽  
Convenient Method ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Peanut Oil ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Drying Oils ◽  
The Subject

Abstract It is a well-known fact that, when mixed in rubber, certain powders reënforce the latter to a considerable extent, whereas others have no effect or only a relatively slight one. Since the nature of the phenomena which take place under these conditions in rubber is far from well established in the present state of knowledge, I have carried out certain experiments of a very simple kind which will by analogy throw some light on the subject. I have found that very important information can be obtained from the study of some physical properties of mixtures of different powders in organic liquids. For a beginning, ordinary paints were tested, but the presence of drying oils complicated matters and it was found advantageous to replace the linseed oil with a non-oxidizing oil, as for example, peanut oil. In this way, pastes of different concentrations were prepared, and the resistance to rupture of the films of these pastes was measured by a method often used to determine the surface tension of liquids. A convenient method of operation is as follows: two thin rods are wet with the paste and are made to adhere to one another. The upper rod A is fastened permanently in a way not shown in Fig. 1. From rod B hangs a pan for small weights which, added in convenient quantity, will finally bring about rupture of the film and separation of the two rods.

The Photometric Properties of the Ap Stars

1976 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 365-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hauck
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Ap Stars

The Ap stars are numerous - the photometric systems tool It would be very tedious to review in detail all that which is in the literature concerning the photometry of the Ap stars. In my opinion it is necessary to examine the problem of the photometric properties of the Ap stars by considering first of all the possibility of deriving some physical properties for the Ap stars, or of detecting new ones. My talk today is prepared in this spirit. The classification by means of photoelectric photometric systems is at the present time very well established for many systems, such as UBV, uvbyβ, Vilnius, Geneva and DDO systems. Details and methods of classification can be found in Golay (1974) or in the proceedings of the Albany Colloquium edited by Philip and Hayes (1975).

The Infection of Cells by Bullet-Shaped Viruses

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 372-373
Author(s):  
Frederick A. Murphy ◽  
Alyne K. Harrison ◽  
Sylvia G. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Cell Infection ◽  
Thin Section Electron Microscopy ◽  
Section Electron ◽  
Section Electron Microscopy

The bullet-shaped viruses are currently classified together on the basis of similarities in virion morphology and physical properties. Biologically and ecologically the member viruses are extremely diverse. In searching for further bases for making comparisons of these agents, the nature of host cell infection, both in vivo and in cultured cells, has been explored by thin-section electron microscopy.

Transmission electron microscopy of composite materials

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 1012-1015
Author(s):  
K.P.D. Lagerlof
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Structural Composites ◽  
Multiphase Materials ◽  
Structural Reinforcement ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Reinforced Fiber ◽  
Particulate Reinforced Composites ◽  
Definition Of

Although most materials contain more than one phase, and thus are multiphase materials, the definition of composite materials is commonly used to describe those materials containing more than one phase deliberately added to obtain certain desired physical properties. Composite materials are often classified according to their application, i.e. structural composites and electronic composites, but may also be classified according to the type of compounds making up the composite, i.e. metal/ceramic, ceramic/ceramie and metal/semiconductor composites. For structural composites it is also common to refer to the type of structural reinforcement; whisker-reinforced, fiber-reinforced, or particulate reinforced composites [1-4].For all types of composite materials, it is of fundamental importance to understand the relationship between the microstructure and the observed physical properties, and it is therefore vital to properly characterize the microstructure. The interfaces separating the different phases comprising the composite are of particular interest to understand. In structural composites the interface is often the weakest part, where fracture will nucleate, and in electronic composites structural defects at or near the interface will affect the critical electronic properties.

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