Toxicity of exhaust particulates and gaseous emissions from gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline)-fuelled spark ignition engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1540-1553
Author(s):  
Avinash Kumar Agarwal ◽  
Akhilendra Pratap Singh ◽  
Tarun Gupta ◽  
Rashmi Avinash Agarwal ◽  
Nikhil Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Oxygenated Additives ◽  
Ic Engines

Blending of oxygenated additives with gasoline has been advocated to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and to reduce hazardous health effects of gaseous emissions and particulate matter (PM) emitted by internal combustion (IC) engines in the transport sector worldwide.

Development of a Computer Controlled Valve System for an Internal Combustion Engine

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Sullivan ◽  
Harry Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
State University ◽  
Senior Design ◽  
Operational Issues ◽  
Exhaust Valves

A newly emerging method of improving gas mileage and emissions from spark ignition engines is by computer control of the operation of the engine intake and exhaust valves. By controlling valve timing and duration the elimination of the throttle, a source of pumping loses can be minimized. One system is now in production by BMW, which uses a mechanism that varies the rocker arm ratio to vary the intake valve’s lift. As part of two Senior Design Projects a spark ignition internal combustion engine was modified at Minnesota State University, Mankato, to allow computer control of the engine’s valves. These projects worked at replacing the mechanically operated intake and exhaust valves with pneumatically operated valves controlled by computer in the form of a Programmable Logic Controller. The valves controlled by the solenoids switched compressed air to pneumatic cylinders that operate the existing poppet intake and exhaust valves on the engine. This paper will present the background, operational issues, and the initial results of the project.

scholarly journals Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fed with Butanol–Glycerol Blend

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6473
Author(s):  
Stanislaw Szwaja ◽  
Michal Gruca ◽  
Michal Pyrc ◽  
Romualdas Juknelevičius
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Exhaust Temperature ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure

Investigation of a new type of fuel for the internal combustion engine, which can be successfully used in both the power generation and the automotive industries, is presented in this article. The proposed fuel is a blend of 75% n-butanol and 25% glycerol. The engine tests conducted with this glycerol–butanol blend were focused on the performance, combustion thermodynamics, and exhaust emissions of a spark-ignition engine. A comparative analysis was performed to find potential similarities and differences in the engine fueled with gasoline 95 and the proposed glycerol–butanol blend. As measured, CO exhaust emissions increased, NOx emissions decreased, and UHC emissions were unchanged for the glycerol–butanol blend when compared to the test with sole gasoline. As regards the engine performance and combustion progress, no significant differences were observed. Exhaust temperature remarkably decreased by 3.4%, which contributed to an increase in the indicated mean effective pressure by approximately 4% compared to gasoline 95. To summarize, the proposed glycerol–butanol blend can be directly used as a replacement for gasoline in internal combustion spark-ignition engines.

scholarly journals Application of Upgraded Drop-In Fuel Obtained from Biomass Pyrolysis in a Spark Ignition Engine

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Veses ◽  
Juan Martínez ◽  
María Callén ◽  
Ramón Murillo ◽  
Tomás García
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Catalytic Pyrolysis ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Biomass Pyrolysis ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

This paper reports the performance of a spark ignition engine using gasoline blended with an upgraded bio-oil rich in aromatics and ethanol. This upgraded bio-oil was obtained using a two-step catalytic process. The first step comprised an in-situ catalytic pyrolysis process with CaO in order to obtain a more stable deoxygenated organic fraction, while the second consisted of a catalytic cracking of the vapours released using ZSM-5 zeolites to obtain an aromatics-rich fraction. To facilitate the mixture between bio-oil and gasoline, ethanol was added. The behaviour of a stationary spark ignition engine G12TFH (9600 W) was described in terms of fuel consumption and electrical efficiency. In addition, gaseous emissions and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were determined. Trial tests suggested that it is possible to work with a blend of gasoline, ethanol and bio-oil (90/8/2 vol%, herein named G90E8B2) showing similar fuel consumption than pure gasoline (G100) at the same load. Moreover, combustion could be considered more efficient when small quantities of ethanol and organic bio-oil are simultaneously added. A reduction, not only in the PAH concentrations but also in the carcinogenic equivalent concentrations, was also obtained, decreasing the environmental impact of the exhaust gases. Thus, results show that it is technically feasible to use low blends of aroma-rich bio-oil, ethanol and gasoline in conventional spark ignition engines.

scholarly journals Performance of Anisole and Isobutanol as Gasoline Bio-Blendstocks for Spark Ignition Engines

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8729
Author(s):  
Michał Wojcieszyk ◽  
Lotta Knuutila ◽  
Yuri Kroyan ◽  
Mário de Pinto Balsemão ◽  
Rupali Tripathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Ternary Blend ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Si Engines ◽  
Unburned Hydrocarbons ◽  
End Use

Several countries have set ambitious targets for the transport sector that mandate a gradual increase in advanced biofuel content in the coming years. The current work addresses this transition and indicates two promising gasoline bio-blendstocks: Anisole and isobutanol. The whole value chains of these bio-components were considered, focusing on end-use performance, but also analyzing feedstock and its conversion, well-to wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and costs. Three alternative fuels, namely a ternary blend (15% anisole, 15% isobutanol, 70% fossil gasoline on an energy basis) and two binary blends (15% anisole with fossil gasoline and 30% isobutanol with fossil gasoline), were tested, focusing on their drop-in applicability in spark ignition (SI) engines. The formulated liquid fuels performed well and showed the potential to increase brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 1.4% on average. Measured unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were increased on average by 12–29% and 17–51%, respectively. However, HC and CO concentrations and exhaust temperatures were at acceptable levels for proper catalyst operation. The studied blends were estimated to bring 11–22% of WTW GHG emission reductions compared to base gasoline. Additionally, the fleet performance and benefits of flexi-fuel vehicles (FFV) were modeled for ternary blends.

scholarly journals Study of the Permeation Flowrate of an Innovative Way to Store Hydrogen in Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6299
Author(s):  
Gustavo Pinto ◽  
Joaquim Monteiro ◽  
Andresa Baptista ◽  
Leonardo Ribeiro ◽  
José Leite
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Structural Layer

With the global warming of the planet, new forms of energy are being sought as an alternative to fossil fuels. Currently, hydrogen (H2) is seen as a strong alternative for fueling vehicles. However, the major challenge in the use of H2 arises from its physical properties. An earlier study was conducted on the storage of H2, used as fuel in road vehicles powered by spark ignition engines or stacks of fuel cells stored under high pressure inside small spheres randomly packed in an envelope tank. Additionally, the study evaluated the performance of this new storage system and compared it with other storage systems already applied by automakers in their vehicles. The current study aims to evaluate the H2 leaks from the same storage system, when inserted in any road vehicle parked in conventional garages, and to show the compliance of these leaks with European Standards, provided that an appropriate choice of materials is made. The system’s compliance with safety standards was proved. Regarding the materials of each component of the storage system, the best option from the pool of materials chosen consists of aluminum for the liner of the spheres and the envelope tank, CFEP for the structural layer of the spheres, and Si for the microchip.

scholarly journals The Importance of Thermal Barrier Coating in Compression and Spark Ignition Engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1738-1742
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Barrier Coating ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Thermal Barrier ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Barrier Coating

This paper explains the importance of applying thermal barrier coating (TBC) technique in internal combustion engines by providing an effective way of reducing gas emission which are carbon monoxide (CO), oxide of nitrogen (NOX), hydrocarbon (HC) including particulate matter (PM) thereby increasing engine performance (brake thermal efficiency) achieved by applying coating layers on some internal combustion engine parts using materials with low thermal conductivities and matched coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE close to the substrate material) which are mainly ceramics. Energy demand for various activities of life is increasing on a daily basis. The world depends majorly on non-renewable energy sources from fossil fuels to meet these energy demands. To be comfortable in life, better means of transportation and provision of power are required. Compression and spark ignition engines which are also called Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) provide better transport facilities and power. However, combusting these fuels in automobile and stationary engines produces unfriendly atmosphere, contaminates water and air that are consumed by man. Pollution created as a result of combustion of gases in ICE is one of the worst man made contribution to atmospheric pollution.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document