scholarly journals Study of the Permeation Flowrate of an Innovative Way to Store Hydrogen in Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6299
Author(s):  
Gustavo Pinto ◽  
Joaquim Monteiro ◽  
Andresa Baptista ◽  
Leonardo Ribeiro ◽  
José Leite
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Structural Layer

With the global warming of the planet, new forms of energy are being sought as an alternative to fossil fuels. Currently, hydrogen (H2) is seen as a strong alternative for fueling vehicles. However, the major challenge in the use of H2 arises from its physical properties. An earlier study was conducted on the storage of H2, used as fuel in road vehicles powered by spark ignition engines or stacks of fuel cells stored under high pressure inside small spheres randomly packed in an envelope tank. Additionally, the study evaluated the performance of this new storage system and compared it with other storage systems already applied by automakers in their vehicles. The current study aims to evaluate the H2 leaks from the same storage system, when inserted in any road vehicle parked in conventional garages, and to show the compliance of these leaks with European Standards, provided that an appropriate choice of materials is made. The system’s compliance with safety standards was proved. Regarding the materials of each component of the storage system, the best option from the pool of materials chosen consists of aluminum for the liner of the spheres and the envelope tank, CFEP for the structural layer of the spheres, and Si for the microchip.

scholarly journals Assessment of an Innovative Way to Store Hydrogen in Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andresa Baptista ◽  
Carlos Pinho ◽  
Gustavo Pinto ◽  
Leonardo Ribeiro ◽  
Joaquim Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Vehicle Propulsion ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
Current Standards ◽  
The U.S

The use of hydrogen as an alternative to fossil fuels for vehicle propulsion is already a reality. However, due to its physical characteristics, storage is still a challenge. There is an innovative way, presented in this study, to store hydrogen in conventional vehicles propelled by spark-ignition reciprocating engines and fuel cells, using hydrogen as fuel; the storage of hydrogen will be at high pressure within small spheres randomly packed in a tank, like the conventional tank of fuel used nowadays in current vehicles. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to assess the performance of this storage system and compare it to others already applied by car manufacturers in their cars. In order to evaluate the performance of this storage system, some parameters were taken into account: The energy stored by volume and stored by weight, hydrogen leakage, and compliance with current standards. This system is safer than conventional storage systems since hydrogen is stored inside small spheres containing small amounts of hydrogen. Besides, its gravimetric energy density (GED) is threefold and the volumetric energy density (VED) is about half when compared with homologous values for conventional systems, and both exceed the targets set by the U.S. Department of Energy. Regarding the leakage of hydrogen, it complies with the European Standards, provided a suitable choice of materials and dimensions is made.

scholarly journals Emissions Effects of Energy Storage for Frequency Regulation: Comparing Battery and Flywheel Storage to Natural Gas

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Eric Pareis ◽  
Eric Hittinger
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Storage System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Electrical Generation

With an increase in renewable energy generation in the United States, there is a growing need for more frequency regulation to ensure the stability of the electric grid. Fast ramping natural gas plants are often used for frequency regulation, but this creates emissions associated with the burning of fossil fuels. Energy storage systems (ESSs), such as batteries and flywheels, provide an alternative frequency regulation service. However, the efficiency losses of charging and discharging a storage system cause additional electrical generation requirements and associated emissions. There is not a good understanding of these indirect emissions from charging and discharging ESSs in the literature, with most sources stating that ESSs for frequency regulation have lower emissions, without quantification of these emissions. We created a model to estimate three types of emissions (CO2, NOX, and SO2) from ESSs providing frequency regulation, and compare them to emissions from a natural gas plant providing the same service. When the natural gas plant is credited for the generated electricity, storage systems have 33% to 68% lower CO2 emissions than the gas turbine, depending on the US eGRID subregion, but higher NOX and SO2 emissions. However, different plausible assumptions about the framing of the analysis can make ESSs a worse choice so the true difference depends on the nature of the substitution between storage and natural gas generation.

Performance of Thermal Enhancement Materials in High Pressure Metal Hydride Storage Systems

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothe´e L. Pourpoint ◽  
Aaron Sisto ◽  
Kyle C. Smith ◽  
Tyler G. Voskuilen ◽  
Milan K. Visaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Metal Hydride ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Thermal Enhancement ◽  
Hydrogen Systems ◽  
Hydride Powder

Over the past two years, key issues associated with the development of realistic metal hydride storage systems have been identified and studied at Purdue University’s Hydrogen Systems Laboratory, part of the Energy Center at Discovery Park. Ongoing research projects are aimed at the demonstration of a prototype large-scale metal hydride tank that achieves fill and release rates compatible with current automotive use. The large-scale storage system is a prototype with multiple pressure vessels compatible with 350 bar operation. Tests are conducted at the Hydrogen Systems Lab in a 1000 ft2 laboratory space comprised of two test cells and a control room that has been upgraded for hydrogen service compatibility. The infrastructure and associated data acquisition and control systems allow for remote testing with several kilograms of high-pressure reversible metal hydride powder. Managing the large amount of heat generated during hydrogen loading directly affects the refueling time. However, the thermal management of hydride systems is problematic because of the low thermal conductivity of the metal hydrides (∼ 1 W/m-K). Current efforts are aimed at optimizing the filling-dependent thermal performance of the metal hydride storage system to minimize the refueling time of a practical system. Combined heat conduction within the metal hydride and the enhancing material particles, across the contacts of particles and within the hydrogen gas between non-contacted particles plays a critical role in dissipating heat to sustain high reaction rates during refueling. Methods to increase the effective thermal conductivity of metal hydride powders include using additives with substantially higher thermal conductivity such as aluminum, graphite, metal foams and carbon nanotubes. This paper presents the results of experimental studies in which various thermal enhancement materials are added to the metal hydride powder in an effort to maximize the effective thermal conductivity of the test bed. The size, aspect ratio, and intrinsic thermal conductivity of the enhancement materials are taken into account to adapt heat conduction models through composite nanoporous media. Thermal conductivity and density of the composite materials are measured and enhancement metrics are calculated to rate performance of composites. Experimental results of the hydriding process of thermally enhanced metal hydride powder are compared to un-enhanced metal hydride powder and to model predictions. The development of the Hydrogen Systems Laboratory is also discussed in light of the lessons learned in managing large quantities of metal hydride and high pressure hydrogen gas.

Toxicity of exhaust particulates and gaseous emissions from gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline)-fuelled spark ignition engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1540-1553
Author(s):  
Avinash Kumar Agarwal ◽  
Akhilendra Pratap Singh ◽  
Tarun Gupta ◽  
Rashmi Avinash Agarwal ◽  
Nikhil Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Oxygenated Additives ◽  
Ic Engines

Blending of oxygenated additives with gasoline has been advocated to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and to reduce hazardous health effects of gaseous emissions and particulate matter (PM) emitted by internal combustion (IC) engines in the transport sector worldwide.

Design, Testing, and Evaluation of a Hydrous Bioethanol Distiller for the Production of Fuel-grade Alcohol from Nipa Sap (Nypa fruticans)

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 759-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Jose Cajayon Regalado ◽  
Alexis Tanangonan Belonio ◽  
Katherine Corpuz Villota ◽  
Marvelin Legaspi Rafael ◽  
Phoebe Reyes Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Fermentation Liquor ◽  
Key Phrases ◽  
Testing And Evaluation

Abstract.To help reduce dependence on fossil fuels for mechanized farm operations, we developed and tested a distiller using fermented nipa sap with 7% alcohol content and diluted nipa sap fermentation liquor or crude bioethanol (15% concentration) to produce fuel-grade bioethanol for small spark-ignition engines. Keywords: Click here to enter keywords and key phrases, separated by commas, with a period at the end

Modeling an Energy Storage System Based on a Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Stand-alone Applications

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2641-2645
Author(s):  
Alexandru Ciocan ◽  
Ovidiu Mihai Balan ◽  
Mihaela Ramona Buga ◽  
Tudor Prisecaru ◽  
Mohand Tazerout
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Storage Systems ◽  
Hybrid Renewable Energy System

The current paper presents an energy storage system that stores the excessive energy, provided by a hybrid system of renewable energy sources, in the form of compressed air and thermal heat. Using energy storage systems together with renewable energy sources represents a major challenge that could ensure the transition to a viable economic future and a decarbonized economy. Thermodynamic calculations are conducted to investigate the performance of such systems by using Matlab simulation tools. The results indicate the values of primary and global efficiencies for various operating scenarios for the energy storage systems which use compressed air as medium storage, and shows that these could be very effective systems, proving the possibility to supply to the final user three types of energy: electricity, heat and cold function of his needs.

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