scholarly journals Counting loops in sidechain-crosslinked polymers from elastic solids to single-chain nanoparticles

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 5332-5337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junpeng Wang ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Yuwei Gu ◽  
Alexandra Sourakov ◽  
Bradley D. Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Functionalized Polymers ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Elastic Solids ◽  
Crosslinked Polymers

The vast differences in material properties accessible via crosslinking of sidechain-functionalized polymers are driven by topology.

A Reexamination of the Extraction of Material Properties Using Nanoindentation

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Poon ◽  
D. Rittel ◽  
G. Ravichandran
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Nanoindentation Test ◽  
Displacement Curve ◽  
Elastic Solids ◽  
Ratio Effect ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
Tip Radius

The paper reexamines the extraction of material properties using nanoindentation for linearly elastic and elastic-plastic materials. The paper considers indentation performed using a rigid conical indenter, as follows. Linearly elastic solids: The reduction of nanoindentation test data of elastic solids is usually processed using Sneddon’s relation [1], which assumes a linearly elastic infinite half space and an infinitely sharp indenter tip. These assumptions are violated in practical indentation experiments. Since most of the research on the extraction of material properties relies heavily on numerical simulations, we used them to investigate the specimen dimensions required for it to qualify as an infinite body, and the indentation conditions for finite tip radius effect to be negligible. The outcome of this part is firstly, the definition of a “converged” 2D geometry so that additional magnification of the numerical model does not influence the load-displacement curve, and secondly, an explicit relationship between the measured load and displacement that takes into account the finite tip radius. Elastic-plastic solids: Here, the main data reduction technique was proposed by Pharr et al. [2], assuming elastic unloading of a plastic nanoindentation. We investigated the effects of finite tip radius in elastic-plastic indentations and found that the accuracy of the prediction is currently limited by the accurate determination of the projected contact area. This point will be discussed and a new experimental technique to measure the projected contact area will be proposed. The Poisson’s ratio effect in elastic-plastic indentations is found to be different from the linearly elastic case. This leads to the discussion on the applicability of the correction factor (for Poisson’s ratio effect) derived in linear elastic indentations, on elastic-plastic indentations. Finally, a technique to obtain an upper bound estimate of the yield stress for the indented elastic-plastic material (which is an exact estimation for non-hardening materials), will be presented.

scholarly journals A Multifeatured Data-Driven Homogenization for Heterogeneous Elastic Solids

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 9208
Author(s):  
Ehsan Motevali Haghighi ◽  
Seonhong Na
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Porous Solids ◽  
Elastic Solids ◽  
Fe Simulations ◽  
Data Driven Approach ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Elastic Responses ◽  
Nonlinear Elastic

A computational homogenization of heterogeneous solids is presented based on the data-driven approach for both linear and nonlinear elastic responses. Within the Double-Scale Finite Element Method (FE2) framework, a data-driven model is proposed to substitute the micro-level Finite Element (FE) simulations to reduce computational costs in multiscale simulations. The heterogeneity of porous solids at the micro-level is considered in various material properties and geometrical attributes. For material properties, elastic constants, which are Lame’s coefficients, are subjected to be heterogeneous in the linear elastic responses. For geometrical features, different numbers, sizes, and locations of voids are considered to reflect the heterogeneity of porous solids. A database for homogenized microstructural responses is constructed from a series of micro-level FE simulations, and machine learning is used to train and test our proposed model. In particular, four geometrical descriptors are designed, based on N-probability and lineal-path functions, to clearly reflect the geometrical heterogeneity of various microstructures. This study indicates that a simple deep neural networks model can capture diverse microstructural heterogeneous responses well when given proper input sources, including the geometrical descriptors, are considered to establish a computational data-driven homogenization scheme.

Bacterial Macrofibers and Bionites: Materials of Natural and Synthetic Design

1993 ◽  
Vol 330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil H. Mendelson
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Crystal Forms ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Negative Supercoiling ◽  
Viscous Solutions

ABSTRACTTwo fiber forms can be obtained from cells of the rod-shaped bacterium,Bacillus subtilis, one called macrofibers, the other bacterial thread. Macrofibers are highly organized, multicellular structures, millimeters in length that selfassemble in a unique way. Each fiber is essentially a single chain of cells linked end-to-end that has repeatedly folded upon itself and twisted into helical form. The growth of individual cells yields both the material of the macrofiber and the forces required for its assembly. The forces involved stem from twisting motions caused by cell growth geometry. The folding process is akin to negative supercoiling. New approaches have been used to estimate the magnitude of forces. Torque generated by single filaments has been estimated from snapopening motions resulting from aborted attempts at folding to be in the range of 10−10to10−8dyne-cm. In contrast, multifilament fibers carrying small wires in their loops must have generated a torque of at least 10−5dyne-cm and a supercoiling force of at least 10−5dyne in order to have moved the wires in viscous solutions at the rates observed. The second bacterial fiber form, bacterial thread, and its mineralized derivatives, called bionites, are man-made materials. They are produced by the drawing and drying of bacterial cell filaments from cultures grown in the form of a textile-like web. The material properties of bacterial thread reflect primarily those of the strength-bearing cell wall polymer, peptidoglycan. A variety of new fiber-like materials have been produced by mineralizing the cell walls in situ in web cultures and drawing the products. Iron, copper, calcium, and potassium phosphate-containing bionites have been obtained in this manner. We are currently searching for order in the bionite crystal forms that may reflect the electrostatic nature of the wall polymer structural templates.

Effective Material Properties of Damaged Elastic Solids

2006 ◽  
Vol 324-325 ◽  
pp. 1185-1188
Author(s):  
Usik Lee ◽  
Deokki Youn
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Damage Variable ◽  
Local Damage ◽  
Elastic Solids ◽  
Energy Equivalence ◽  
Effective Material Properties ◽  
Isotropic Solids

By using a continuum modeling approach based on the equivalent elliptical crack representation of a local damage and the strain energy equivalence principle, the effective elastic compliances and the effective engineering constants are derived in closed forms in terms of the virgin (undamaged) elastic properties and a scalar damage variable for damaged two- and threedimensional isotropic solids. It is shown that the effective Young’s modulus in the direction normal to the crack surfaces is always smaller than its intact value.

Effects of stereo-regularity on the single-chain mechanics of polylactic acid and its implications on the physical properties of bulk materials

Nanoscale ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (38) ◽  
pp. 14312-14316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Cheng ◽  
Lu Qian ◽  
Hu-jun Qian ◽  
Zhong-yuan Lu ◽  
Shuxun Cui
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Bulk Materials

The material properties of polylactic acid (PLA) are largely determined by its stereo-regularity (tacticity).

Single-chain crosslinked polymers via the transesterification of folded polymers: from efficient synthesis to crystallinity control

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (32) ◽  
pp. 5181-5190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiki Ito ◽  
Yoshihiko Kimura ◽  
Mikihito Takenaka ◽  
Makoto Ouchi ◽  
Takaya Terashima
Keyword(s):  
Crystallization Behavior ◽  
Random Copolymers ◽  
Organic Media ◽  
Efficient Synthesis ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Crosslinked Polymers

Herein we report efficient synthetic systems of single-chain crosslinked polymers via the intramolecular transesterification of folded random copolymers in organic media and the unique crystallization behavior of their crosslinked polymers.

Cryo-electron microscopy of two-dimensional crystals of reduced type B botulinum neurotoxin

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 530-531
Author(s):  
P. F. Flicker ◽  
V.S. Kulkarni ◽  
J. P. Robinson ◽  
G. Stubbs ◽  
B. R. DasGupta
Keyword(s):  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Type B ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Muscle Paralysis ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Disulfide Linkages ◽  
Intracellular Action

Botulinum toxin is a potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. The toxin inhibits release of neurotransmitter, causing muscle paralysis. There are several serotypes, A to G, all of molecular weight about 150,000. The protein exists as a single chain or or as two chains, with two disulfide linkages. In a recent investigation on intracellular action of neurotoxins it was reported that type B neurotoxin can inhibit the release of Ca++-activated [3H] norepinephrine only if the disulfide bonds are reduced. In order to investigate possible structural changes in the toxin upon reduction of the disulfide bonds, we have prepared two-dimensional crystals of reduced type B neurotoxin. These two-dimensional crystals will be compared with those of the native (unreduced) type B toxin.

Grain boundary segregation in metals

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1204-1205
Author(s):  
C.L. Briant
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Surface ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Electron Spectroscopy ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Boundary Segregation ◽  
Grain Boundary Segregation ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
The One

Grain boundary segregation is the process by which solute elements in a material diffuse to the grain boundaries, become trapped there, and increase their local concentration at the boundary over that in the bulk. As a result of this process this local concentration of the segregant at the grain boundary can be many orders of magnitude greater than the bulk concentration of the segregant. The importance of this problem lies in the fact that grain boundary segregation can affect many material properties such as fracture, corrosion, and grain growth.One of the best ways to study grain boundary segregation is with Auger electron spectroscopy. This spectroscopy is an extremely surface sensitive technique. When it is used to study grain boundary segregation the sample must first be fractured intergranularly in the high vacuum spectrometer. This fracture surface is then the one that is analyzed. The development of scanning Auger spectrometers have allowed researchers to first image the fracture surface that is created and then to perform analyses on individual grain boundaries.

Fine structure and properties of defects in naturally occurring silicates and oxides

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-461
Author(s):  
David R. Veblen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Extended Defects ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Fine Structures ◽  
Image Simulations ◽  
Similar Crystal Structure

Extended defects and interfaces control many processes in rock-forming minerals, from chemical reactions to rock deformation. In many cases, it is not the average structure of a defect or interface that is most important, but rather the structure of defect terminations or offsets in an interface. One of the major thrusts of high-resolution electron microscopy in the earth sciences has been to identify the role of defect fine structures in reactions and to determine the structures of such features. This paper will review studies using HREM and image simulations to determine the structures of defects in silicate and oxide minerals and present several examples of the role of defects in mineral chemical reactions. In some cases, the geological occurrence can be used to constrain the diffusional properties of defects.The simplest reactions in minerals involve exsolution (precipitation) of one mineral from another with a similar crystal structure, and pyroxenes (single-chain silicates) provide a good example. Although conventional TEM studies have led to a basic understanding of this sort of phase separation in pyroxenes via spinodal decomposition or nucleation and growth, HREM has provided a much more detailed appreciation of the processes involved.

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