Engineering strategies for chitin nanofibers

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (14) ◽  
pp. 2547-2559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolin Zhang ◽  
Marco Rolandi
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Engineered Materials ◽  
Chitin Nanofibers

Chitin nanofibers are the fundamental building blocks of numerous structural natural materials. From top-down to bottom-up, here we review engineering strategies to produce chitin nanofibers for engineered materials and their applications.

Comparative Environmental Law

2019 ◽  
pp. 2-34
Author(s):  
Jorge E. Viñuales
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Law ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Present Volume ◽  
Functionalist Approach

This volume examines the building blocks of environmental law across different jurisdictions. More specifically, it provides a cartography of environmental law, with a focus on its underlying logic, main arrangements and their variations, and how it is embedded within the broader legal arrangements developed to tackle other questions. In this context, this preliminary chapter provides an overview of the comparative method as it applies to the overall research project leading to the present volume. It discusses descriptive and evolutionary approaches, the conceptual approach, the functionalist approach, the factual approach, legal formants, the contextualist approach, and legal transplants. It then considers a range of methodologies proposed by comparative law experts, including the bottom-up functionalism and top-down functionalism, before explaining the methodology used for the organization of this book. The chapter concludes by summarizing a tentative structure of comparative environmental law as a single overall technology.

scholarly journals A functional context for heterogeneity of the circadian clock in cells

PLoS Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. e3000927
Author(s):  
Martha Merrow ◽  
Mary Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Circadian Period ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Stochastic Generation ◽  
Circadian Phase ◽  
Functional Context ◽  
Definition Of

Characterization of circadian systems at the organism level—a top-down approach—has led to definition of unifying properties, a hallmark of the science of chronobiology. The next challenge is to use a bottom-up approach to show how the molecular workings of the cellular circadian clock work as building blocks of those properties. We review new studies, including a recently published PLOS Biology paper by Nikhil and colleagues, that show how programmed but also stochastic generation of variation in cellular circadian period explain important adaptive features of entrained circadian phase.

scholarly journals From 1D to 3D: a new route to fabricate tridimensional structures via photo-generation of silver networks

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (36) ◽  
pp. 28633-28642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaizhong Shen ◽  
Yuxin Wu ◽  
Liping Fang ◽  
Shunsheng Ye ◽  
Zhaoyi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
3D Structures ◽  
The Matrix

A time-saving and low-cost method is established to construct stacked 3D structures through the combination of bottom-up and top-down techniques which enables us to create building blocks freely and to precisely adjust the matrix feature.

Psychology and Culture: Top Down Versus Bottom Up?

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cole
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

Optimalisasi Ekonomi Syariah Untuk Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Dalam Pengentasan Kemiskinan Mewujudkan Goodgovernance

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Sadari Sadari ◽  
Nurhidayat Nurhidayat ◽  
Rafiqah Rafiqah
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

Humanisme religius telah mengantarkan pada era kesadaran bahwa peradaban manusia harus memiliki dua arus yang saling menunjang. Selama ini arus balik dalam bidang ekonomi hanya menonjolkan arus balik vertikal atas kebawah (model top down) yang didominasi oleh sistem ekonomi kapitalis dan sosialis, sedangkan di sisi lain mengesampingkan arus balik vertikal dari bawah ke atas (model bottom up) yang didominasi oleh sistem ekonomi syariah, sehingga dampaknya adalah adanya kesenjangan ekonomi yang sangat tajam. Paper ini mewujudkan peran penting, yakni menghubungkan dua arus tersebut secara timbal-balik, yakni mempertemukan arus pertama dengan arus balik kedua, sehingga akan menghasilkan dampak yang positif, progresif, kreatif dan produktif, kemudian pada akhirnya akan dapat meng-optomal-kan ekonomi syariah untuk menciptakan goodgovernance, post goodgovernance secara berkelanjutan, tentunya dengan bantuan peran media kontemporer yang kian update. Ekonomi syariah juga merupakan pilar dan nilai dasar, dari sikap keyakinan dan sikap rasionalitas untuk sanggup menciptakan terwujudnya pemberdayaan dan kesejahteraan sekaligus pengentasan kemiskinan dalam masyarakat di Indonesia.

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