scholarly journals Non-invasive sensing for food reassurance

The Analyst ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
pp. 1587-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zou Xiaobo ◽  
Huang Xiaowei ◽  
Malcolm Povey
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Physical Principle ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Main Food ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics

The main food quality traits of interest using non-invasive sensing techniques are sensory characteristics, chemical composition, physicochemical properties, health-protecting properties, nutritional characteristics and safety. A wide range of non-invasive sensing techniques, from optical, acoustical, electrical, to nuclear magnetic, X-ray, biosensor, microwave and terahertz, are organized according to physical principle.

scholarly journals Wyniki analiz spektrometrycznych dwóch dzbanów fenickich z kolekcji gołuchowskiej

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 271-285
Author(s):  
Michał Krueger ◽  
Inga Głuszek
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spectrometric Data ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
Good Agreement

This paper presents results of the spectrometric analyses of two Phoenician jugs from the Gołuchów collection. A non-invasive portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) has been used to determine the chemical composition of the jugs. The aim of this work was to add new results to a database of spectrometric data of Phoenician pottery from central and western Mediterranean. Good agreement obtained between the chemical results of the two jugs suggest  that they could have been made from the same clay.

scholarly journals Investigating the interstellar dust through the Fe K-edge

2017 ◽  
Vol 609 ◽  
pp. A22 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rogantini ◽  
E. Costantini ◽  
S. T. Zeegers ◽  
C. P. de Vries ◽  
W. Bras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Interstellar Dust ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual

Context. The chemical and physical properties of interstellar dust in the densest regions of the Galaxy are still not well understood. X-rays provide a powerful probe since they can penetrate gas and dust over a wide range of column densities (up to 1024 cm-2). The interaction (scattering and absorption) with the medium imprints spectral signatures that reflect the individual atoms which constitute the gas, molecule, or solid. Aims. In this work we investigate the ability of high resolution X-ray spectroscopy to probe the properties of cosmic grains containing iron. Although iron is heavily depleted into interstellar dust, the nature of the Fe-bearing grains is still largely uncertain. Methods. In our analysis we use iron K-edge synchrotron data of minerals likely present in the ISM dust taken at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. We explore the prospects of determining the chemical composition and the size of astrophysical dust in the Galactic centre and in molecular clouds with future X-ray missions. The energy resolution and the effective area of the present X-ray telescopes are not sufficient to detect and study the Fe K-edge, even for bright X-ray sources. Results. From the analysis of the extinction cross sections of our dust models implemented in the spectral fitting program SPEX, the Fe K-edge is promising for investigating both the chemistry and the size distribution of the interstellar dust. We find that the chemical composition regulates the X-ray absorption fine structures in the post edge region, whereas the scattering feature in the pre-edge is sensitive to the mean grain size. Finally, we note that the Fe K-edge is insensitive to other dust properties, such as the porosity and the geometry of the dust.

scholarly journals Elementos arquitectónicos de la capilla funeraria de Sarenput II (QH31) en Qubbet el-Hawa. Caracterización geoquímica

2019 ◽  
pp. 227-240
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Martínez Hermoso ◽  
María José Ayora Cañada ◽  
Ana Domínguez Vidal ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
In Situ Analysis ◽  
General Design ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The North ◽  
North Wall ◽  
The Right ◽  
Invasive Techniques

The chapel of the QH31 funerary complex (Sarenput II) was excavated directly into the rock, like the rest of the hypogea of the necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa. However, in the chapel there are some outstanding elements that, probably, were elaborated independently of the excavation works in situ, to be located in the planned place as an integral part of the burial equipment, and the general design of the chapel. These elements include, for example, the three pairs of Osiride statues in the corridor, the four pillars in the offering chamber, and the slabs with which they built the sanctuary of the statue of the grave’s owner. As these elements were found coated so as to make their surfaces suitable for decoration, it is very difficult to determine the stone with which they were made. During the last campaign (2018), in situ analysis with non-invasive techniques, such as X-ray Fluorescence, has allowed determining its chemical composition. In addition, some stone fragments found during the excavations carried out since 2008 by the Qubbet el-Hawa project (University of Jaén), have been analyzed, such as the wig of the decapitated statue on the north wall of the corridor, and the fragment belonging to the right jamb of the façade of the sanctuary housing the statue. The results of the analysis seem to indicate that these elements were made from a very similar sandstone to that of the excavation itself and not with silicified sandstone (quartzarenite), which was also very abundant at Qubbet el-Hawa. Besides, these studies show several differences in composition between the stone employed for the construction of the sanctuary, and other elements such as the Osiride statues. Finally, the slab on the floor of the sanctuary, on which the statue of Sarenput was placed, was made of imported limestone.

scholarly journals Analysis of Microstructure and Properties of a Ti–AlN Composite Produced by Selective Laser Melting

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2218
Author(s):  
Ryszard Sitek ◽  
Maciej Szustecki ◽  
Lukasz Zrodowski ◽  
Bartlomiej Wysocki ◽  
Jakub Jaroszewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Composition ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Selective Laser Melting ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Titanium Nitrides ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
Laser Melting ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a manufacturing technique that is currently used for the production of functional parts that are difficult to form by the traditional methods such as casting or CNC (Computer Numerical Control) cutting from a wide range of metallic materials. In our study, a mixture of commercially pure titanium (Ti) and 15% at. aluminum nitride (AlN) was Selective Laser Melted to form three-dimensional objects. The obtained 4 mm edge cubes with an energy density that varied from 70 to 140 J/mm3 were examined in terms of their microstructure, chemical and phase composition, porosity, and Vickers microhardness. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations of the etched samples showed inhomogeneities in the form of pores and unmelted and partly melted AlN particles in the fine-grained dendritic matrix, which is typical for titanium nitrides and titanium aluminum nitrides. The AlN particles remained unmelted in samples, but no porosity was observed in the interface area between them and the dendritic matrix. Additionally, samples fabricated with the presintering step had zones with different sizes of dendrites, suggesting a differing chemical composition of the matrix and the possibility of the formation of the phases forming an Ti–Al–N ternary system. The chemical composition in the microareas of the samples was determined using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and revealed differences in the homogeneity of the samples depending on the SLM process parameters and the additional presintering step. The phase composition, examined using X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), showed that samples were formed from Ti, TiN, and AlN phases. Porosity tests carried out using a computer microtomography revealed porosities in a range from 7% to 17.5%. The formed material was characterized by a relatively high hardness exceeding 700 HV0.2 over the entire cross-section, which depended on the manufacturing conditions.

scholarly journals Quasi Natural Approach for Crystallization of Zeolites from Different Fly Ashes and Their Application as Adsorbent Media for Malachite Green Removal from Polluted Waters

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1064
Author(s):  
Denitza Zgureva ◽  
Valeria Stoyanova ◽  
Annie Shoumkova ◽  
Silviya Boycheva ◽  
Georgi Avdeev
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Malachite Green ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Natural Approach ◽  
Wide Range

Worldwide disposal of multi-tonnage solid waste from coal-burning thermal power plants (TPPs) creates serious environmental and economic problems, which necessitate the recovery of industrial waste in large quantities and at commercial prices. Fly ashes (FAs) and slag from seven Bulgarian TPPs have been successfully converted into valuable zeolite-like composites with various applications, including as adsorbents for capturing CO2 from gases and for removal of contaminants from water. The starting materials generated from different types of coal are characterized by a wide range of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio, heterogeneous structure and a complex chemical composition. The applied synthesis procedure resembles the formation of natural zeolites, as the raw FAs undergo long-term self-crystallization in an alkaline aqueous solution at ambient temperature. The phase and chemical composition, morphology and N2 adsorption of the final zeolite products were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses. The growth of faujasite (FAU) crystals as the main zeolite phase was established in all samples after 7 and 14 months of alkaline treatment. Phillipsite (PHI) crystals were also observed in several samples as an accompanying phase. The final products possess specific surface area over 400 m2/g. The relationships between the surface properties of the investigated samples and the characteristics of the raw FAs were discussed. All of the obtained zeolite-like composites were able to remove the highly toxic dye (malachite green, MG) from water solutions with efficiency over 96%. The experimental data were fitted with high correlation to the second-order kinetics.

scholarly journals Fluorescence intensity monitors as intensity and beam-position diagnostics for X-ray free-electron lasers

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-362
Author(s):  
Philip Heimann ◽  
Alexander Reid ◽  
Yiping Feng ◽  
David Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Intensity ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Microchannel Plate ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Beam Position ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Pulse ◽  
Pulse Energies

For LCLS-II, a fluorescence intensity monitor for the non-invasive, pulse-by-pulse normalization of experiments has been developed. A prototype diagnostic was constructed with a microchannel plate assembly and two photodiodes. The diagnostic was then installed in the LCLS SXR instrument Kirkpatrick–Baez mirror chamber with the detectors located above the vertically reflecting mirror. The linearity, noise and position sensitivity of the detectors have been characterized. The photodiode responsivity is suitable for high pulse energies. The microchannel plate detector shows sufficient responsivity over a wide range of pulse energies. The relative signal from the two photodiodes provides a sensitive measure of the X-ray beam position. The fluorescence intensity monitor provides intensity normalization while being compatible with high incident power, a 0.93 MHz repetition rate and ultra-high vacuum.

scholarly journals An easy non-invasive X-ray diffraction method to determine the composition of Na-pyroxenes from high-density `greenstone' implements

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Giustetto ◽  
Giacomo Chiari ◽  
Roberto Compagnoni
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Western Alps ◽  
Polished Surface ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Metamorphic Belt ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive

A large number of polished stone implements from Palaeolithic to Bronze Age sites of Northern Italy and Southern France are made of high-pressure (HP) metamorphic rocks (eclogite and related rocks), mainly consisting of Na-pyroxene (jadeite to omphacite) from the metamorphic belt of the Western Alps. The standard archaeometric study of prehistoric stone implements follows a procedure that is invasive, expensive and time-consuming. Since Na-pyroxenes may show a large compositional range, a thorough study of the variations affecting thedhklvalues, obtained by X-ray diffraction, of three selected reflections as a function of different chemical composition was carried out, in order to determine the chemistry of Na-pyroxene isomorphic mixtures and roughly evaluate their relative amounts. These reflections (\bar221, 310, 002) are sharp, intense and sensitive to the variation of pyroxene chemical composition. Using suchdhklvalues measured on pyroxenes of known chemistry, a Ca-pyroxene(Di)–jadeite(Jd)–aegirine(Ae) compositional diagram was constructed, from which the composition of an unknown pyroxene can be estimated within an error of about 5%. When the size of the object is relatively small and a flat polished surface is present, the proposed analytical procedure becomes totally non-invasive. The data obtained shed light on the provenance sources of such implements and the prehistoric trade routes.

scholarly journals Investigations of Electron Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Decorated with Platinum Nanoparticles with Their Varying Fraction

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz ◽  
Dariusz Łukowiec ◽  
Jerzy Kubacki
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Platinum Nanoparticles ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The Core ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Varying Mass

The paper presents the outcomes of investigations into electron properties and a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the chemical composition of unmodified carbon nanotubes with comparison to nanotubes decorated with platinum nanoparticles. The fabricated nanocomposite materials of the CNT-Pt type differed in a varying mass concentration of platinum nanoparticles (5, 10, and 20% of Pt). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to examine the structure and to analyse chemical composition. Survey spectra measurements within a wide range of the binding energy of 0–1400 eV were performed in the first phase of the investigations. The core lines of C1s carbon, Pt4f platinum, and O1s oxygen and a valence band were then measured. The chemical composition of the studied materials was determined based on the measured spectra of the core lines. The purpose of the investigations is to determine the effect of platinum nanoparticles on the structure and electron properties of the fabricated CNT-Pt nanocomposites.

scholarly journals Effect of Cellulose Nanocrystals on the Coating of Chitosan Nanocomposite Film Using Plasma-Mediated Deposition of Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon (a–C:H) Layers

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torben Schlebrowski ◽  
Zineb Kassab ◽  
Mounir El Achaby ◽  
Stefan Wehner ◽  
Christian B. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Nanocomposite Film ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon

The substitution of petroleum-based polymers with naturally derived biopolymers may be a good alternative for the conservation of natural fossil resources and the alleviation of pollution and waste disposal problems. However, in order to be used in a wide range of applications, some biopolymers’ properties should be enhanced. In this study, biocompatible, non-toxic, and biodegradable chitosan (CS) film and CS reinforced with 10 wt% of cellulose nanocrystals (CN–CS) were coated with amorphous hydrogenated carbon layers (a–C:H) of different thickness. To investigate the effect of the nano-reinforcement on the a–C:H layer applied, mild radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) was used to coat the CS and its CN–CS bio-nanocomposite film. Both the surface characteristics and the chemical composition were analyzed. The surface morphology and wettability were examined by ex-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements (CA), respectively. Hereby, the relationship between sp2/sp3 ratios on a macroscopic scale was also evaluated. For the investigation of the chemical composition, the surface sensitive synchrotron X-ray radiation techniques near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT) were used.

X-ray microtomography

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
H.W. Deckman ◽  
B.F. Flannery ◽  
J.H. Dunsmuir ◽  
K.D' Amico
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Panoramic Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional Images

We have developed a new X-ray microscope which produces complete three dimensional images of samples. The microscope operates by performing X-ray tomography with unprecedented resolution. Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that creates maps of the internal structure of samples from measurement of the attenuation of penetrating radiation. As conventionally practiced in medical Computed Tomography (CT), radiologists produce maps of bone and tissue structure in several planar sections that reveal features with 1mm resolution and 1% contrast. Microtomography extends the capability of CT in several ways. First, the resolution which approaches one micron, is one thousand times higher than that of the medical CT. Second, our approach acquires and analyses the data in a panoramic imaging format that directly produces three-dimensional maps in a series of contiguous stacked planes. Typical maps available today consist of three hundred planar sections each containing 512x512 pixels. Finally, and perhaps of most import scientifically, microtomography using a synchrotron X-ray source, allows us to generate maps of individual element.

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